J. Semicond. > 2022, Volume 43 > Issue 6 > 062301

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Direct writing-in and visualizing reading-out data storage with high capacity in low-cost plastics

Xin Wei1, Weiwei Zhao1, Jintao Yang1, Yong Zhang1, Junming Song1, Zhenhua Ni1, , Junpeng Lu1, and Hongwei Liu2,

+ Author Affiliations

 Corresponding author: Zhenhua Ni, zhni@seu.edu.cn; Junpeng Lu, phyljp@seu.edu.cn; Hongwei Liu, phylhw@njnu.edu.cn

DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/43/6/062301

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Abstract: The explosive growth of the global data volume demands new and advanced data storage methods. Here, we report that data storage with ultrahigh capacity (~1 TB per disc) can be realized in low-cost plastics, including polycarbonate (PC), precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC), polystyrene (PS), and polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), via direct fs laser writing. The focused fs laser can modify the fluorescence of written regions on the surface and in the interior of PMMA, enabling three-dimensional (3D) information storage. Through the 3D laser processing platform, a 50-layer data record with low bit error (0.96%) is archived. Visual reading of data is empowered by the fluorescence contrast. The broad variation of fluorescence intensity assigns 8 gray levels, corresponding to 3 bits on each spot. The gray levels of each layer present high stability after long-term aging cycles, confirming the robustness of data storage. Upon single pulse control via a high-frequency electro-optic modulator (EOM), a fast writing speed (~1 kB/s) is achieved, which is limited by the repetition frequency of the fs laser.

Key words: laser modification, fluorescence, micro-nano fabrication



[1]
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Tan D Z, Sun X Y, Wang Q, et al. Fabricating low loss waveguides over a large depth in glass by temperature gradient assisted femtosecond laser writing. Opt Lett, 2020, 45, 3941 doi: 10.1364/OL.396861
[22]
Wang Z, Tan D Z, Qiu J R. Single-shot photon recording for three-dimensional memory with prospects of high capacity. Opt Lett, 2020, 45, 6274 doi: 10.1364/OL.409171
[23]
Chan J W, Huser T R, Risbud S H, et al. Waveguide fabrication in phosphate glasses using femtosecond laser pulses. Appl Phys Lett, 2003, 82, 2371 doi: 10.1063/1.1565708
[24]
Huang X J, Guo Q Y, Yang D D, et al. Reversible 3D laser printing of perovskite quantum dots inside a transparent medium. Nat Photonics, 2020, 14, 82 doi: 10.1038/s41566-019-0538-8
[25]
Lee H W, Schmidt M A, Uebel P, et al. Optofluidic refractive-index sensor in step-index fiber with parallel hollow micro-channel. Opt Express, 2011, 19, 8200 doi: 10.1364/OE.19.008200
[26]
Miura K, Qiu J R, Fujiwara S, et al. Three-dimensional optical memory with rewriteable and ultrahigh density using the valence-state change of samarium ions. Appl Phys Lett, 2002, 80, 2263 doi: 10.1063/1.1459769
[27]
Nie Z G, Lee H, Yoo H, et al. Multilayered optical bit memory with a high signal-to-noise ratio in fluorescent polymethylmethacrylate. Appl Phys Lett, 2009, 94, 111912 doi: 10.1063/1.3103365
[28]
Salter P S, Baum M, Alexeev I, et al. Exploring the depth range for three-dimensional laser machining with aberration correction. Opt Express, 2014, 22, 17644 doi: 10.1364/OE.22.017644
[29]
Cumming B P, Jesacher A, Booth M J, et al. Adaptive aberration compensation for three-dimensional micro-fabrication of photonic crystals in lithium niobate. Opt Express, 2011, 19, 9419 doi: 10.1364/OE.19.009419
[30]
Kuang Z, Liu D, Perrie W, et al. Fast parallel diffractive multi-beam femtosecond laser surface micro-structuring. Appl Surf Sci, 2009, 255, 6582 doi: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2009.02.043
[31]
Cheng H, Xia C, Kuebler S M, et al. Aberration correction for SLM-generated Bessel beams propagating through tilted interfaces. Opt Commun, 2020, 475, 126213 doi: 10.1016/j.optcom.2020.126213
[32]
Hacker M, Stobrawa G, Sauerbrey R, et al. Micromirror SLM for femtosecond pulse shaping in the ultraviolet. Appl Phys B, 2003, 76, 711 doi: 10.1007/s00340-003-1180-0
[33]
Alshehri A M, Deepak K L N, Marquez D T, et al. Localized nanoclusters formation in PDMS upon irradiation with femtosecond laser. Opt Mater Express, 2015, 5, 858 doi: 10.1364/OME.5.000858
[34]
Shibagaki K, Takada N, Sasaki K, et al. Synthetic characteristics of large carbon cluster ions by laser ablation of polymers in vacuum. J Appl Phys, 2002, 93, 655 doi: 10.1063/1.1525402
[35]
Gu M, Li X P. The Road to multi-dimensional bit-by-bit optical data storage. Opt Photonics News, 2010, 21, 28 doi: 10.1364/OPN.21.7.000028
[36]
Ma Z C, Zhang Y L, Han B, et al. Femtosecond-laser direct writing of metallic micro/nanostructures: From fabrication strategies to future applications. Small Methods, 2018, 2, 1700413 doi: 10.1002/smtd.201700413
[37]
Deepak K L N, Kuladeep R, Rao S V, et al. Luminescent microstructures in bulk and thin films of PMMA, PDMS, PVA, and PS fabricated using femtosecond direct writing technique. Chem Phys Lett, 2011, 503, 57 doi: 10.1016/j.cplett.2010.12.069
[38]
Huang X J, Guo Q Y, Kang S L, et al. Three-dimensional laser-assisted patterning of blue-emissive metal halide perovskite nanocrystals inside a glass with switchable photoluminescence. ACS Nano, 2020, 14, 3150 doi: 10.1021/acsnano.9b08314
[39]
Kawata S, Sun H B, Tanaka T, et al. Finer features for functional microdevices. Nature, 2001, 412, 697 doi: 10.1038/35089130
[40]
Straub M, Gu M. Near-infrared photonic crystals with higher-order bandgaps generated by two-photon photopolymerization. Opt Lett, 2002, 27, 1824 doi: 10.1364/OL.27.001824
[41]
Jurado-Navas A, Balsells J M G, Paris J F, et al. General analytical expressions for the bit error rate of atmospheric optical communication systems. Opt Lett, 2011, 36, 4095 doi: 10.1364/OL.36.004095
[42]
Goldfarb I J, McHenry R J, Penski E C. Thermal degradation of polymers. I. Aspects of polytetrafluoroethylene degradation. J Polym Sci, 1962, 58, 1283 doi: 10.1002/pol.1962.1205816683
Fig. 1.  (Color online) Schematic diagram of the femtosecond laser writing system.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint
Fig. 2.  (Color online) (a) PL spectra of pristine and laser-irradiated PMMA (single fs). The PL data were acquired using 355, 532 and 633 nm lasers. (b) SEM image of dots modified by threshold fs laser power at the surface. (c, d) Optical and confocal fluorescence microscopy images of the dots beneath the 30 μm surface. The scale bar is 8 μm. Here, 14 dots can be observed when the measurement length is 8 μm, suggesting that the dot spacing is ~600 nm.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint
Fig. 3.  (Color online) (a) Absorption spectrum of pristine PMMA, the chemical structure of which is shown in the inset. (b) The 3D fluorescence structure of the array with fixed writing power (40 nJ) inside PMMA separated by 10 μm, which was read out by confocal fluorescence microscopy. (c) Confocal fluorescence microscopy image of the fs laser-modified Emblem of Nanjing Normal University and Southeast University, The Great Wall and Albert Einstein in the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th layers, respectively, scale bar of which is 30 μm. Specific patterns can be stored in PMMA with a layer separated by 10 μm.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint
Fig. 4.  (Color online) (a, c) Confocal fluorescence microscopy images of the dots (1st and 50th layers) written by a fs laser with a single pulse, scale bar: 20 μm. (b, d) show the fluorescence intensity change according to pulse energy evolution, which are acquired from the 1st and 50th layers, respectively. The threshold power is 40 nJ for the 1st layer and 114 nJ for the 50th layer.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint
Fig. 5.  (Color online) Gray level assignment based on fluorescence distinguish. It should be noted that both (a) the fresh sample and (b) the aged sample can be of capability of 8 gray level assignment.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint
[1]
Dai Q F, Min O Y, Yuan W G, et al. Encoding random hot spots of a volume gold nanorod assembly for ultralow energy memory. Adv Mater, 2017, 29, 1701918 doi: 10.1002/adma.201701918
[2]
Gu M, Zhang Q, Lamon S. Nanomaterials for optical data storage. Nat Rev Mater, 2016, 1, 16070 doi: 10.1038/natrevmats.2016.70
[3]
Lin S, Lin H, Ma C, et al. High-security-level multi-dimensional optical storage medium: Nanostructured glass embedded with LiGa5O8:Mn2+ with photostimulated luminescence. Light Sci Appl, 2020, 9, 22 doi: 10.1038/s41377-020-0258-3
[4]
van de Nes A S, Braat J M, Pereira S F. High-density optical data storage. Rep Prog Phys, 2006, 69, 2323 doi: 10.1088/0034-4885/69/8/R02
[5]
Kawata S, Kawata Y. Three-dimensional optical data storage using photochromic materials. Chem Rev, 2000, 100, 1777 doi: 10.1021/cr980073p
[6]
Cumpston B H, Ananthavel S P, Barlow S, et al. Two-photon polymerization initiators for three-dimensional optical data storage and microfabrication. Nature, 1999, 398, 51 doi: 10.1038/17989
[7]
Corredor C, Huang Z L, Belfield K. Two-photon 3D optical data storage via fluorescence modulation of an efficient fluorene dye by a photochromic diarylethene. Adv Mater, 2006, 18, 2910 doi: 10.1002/adma.200600826
[8]
Shen Y, Swiatkiewicz J, Jakubczyk D, et al. High-density optical data storage with one-photon and two-photon near-field fluorescence microscopy. Appl Opt, 2001, 40, 938 doi: 10.1364/AO.40.000938
[9]
Belfield K D, Schafer K J. A new photosensitive polymeric material for WORM optical data storage using multichannel two-photon fluorescence readout. Chem Mater, 2002, 14, 3656 doi: 10.1021/cm010799t
[10]
Kämpf G, Freitag D, Fengler G, et al. Polymers for electrical and optical data storage. Polym Adv Technol, 1992, 3, 169 doi: 10.1002/pat.1992.220030404
[11]
Betzig E, Trautman J K. Near-field optics: Microscopy, spectroscopy, and surface modification beyond the diffraction limit. Science, 1992, 257, 189 doi: 10.1126/science.257.5067.189
[12]
Hu Y L, Wu D, Li J W, et al. Two-stage optical recording: Photoinduced birefringence and surface-mediated bits storage in bisazo-containing copolymers towards ultrahigh data memory. Opt Express, 2016, 24, 23557 doi: 10.1364/OE.24.023557
[13]
Yuan X P, Zhao M, Guo X J, et al. Ultra-high capacity for three-dimensional optical data storage inside transparent fluorescent tape. Opt Lett, 2020, 45, 1535 doi: 10.1364/OL.387278
[14]
Sano H, Shima T, Kuwahara M, et al. Response function of super-resolution readout of an optical disc studied by coupled electromagnetic–thermal simulation. Jpn J Appl Phys, 2016, 55, 09SB02 doi: 10.7567/JJAP.55.09SB02
[15]
Zhai F X, Zuo F Y, Huang H, et al. Optical switch formation in antimony super-resolution mask layers induced by picosecond laser pulses. Chin Phys Lett, 2010, 27, 014209 doi: 10.1088/0256-307X/27/1/014209
[16]
Shi L P, Chong T C, Miao X S, et al. A new structure of super-resolution near-field phase-change optical disk with a Sb2Te3 mask layer. Jpn J Appl Phys, 2001, 40, 1649 doi: 10.1143/JJAP.40.1649
[17]
Liu Y, Lu Y, Yang X, et al. Amplified stimulated emission in upconversion nanoparticles for super-resolution nanoscopy. Nature, 2017, 543, 229 doi: 10.1038/nature21366
[18]
Zijlstra P, Chon J W M, Gu M. Five-dimensional optical recording mediated by surface plasmons in gold nanorods. Nature, 2009, 459, 410 doi: 10.1038/nature08053
[19]
Fang X, Ren H, Gu M. Orbital angular momentum holography for high-security encryption. Nat Photonics, 2020, 14, 102 doi: 10.1038/s41566-019-0560-x
[20]
Li X, Ren H, Chen X, et al. Athermally photoreduced graphene oxides for three-dimensional holographic images. Nat Commun, 2015, 6, 6984 doi: 10.1038/ncomms7984
[21]
Tan D Z, Sun X Y, Wang Q, et al. Fabricating low loss waveguides over a large depth in glass by temperature gradient assisted femtosecond laser writing. Opt Lett, 2020, 45, 3941 doi: 10.1364/OL.396861
[22]
Wang Z, Tan D Z, Qiu J R. Single-shot photon recording for three-dimensional memory with prospects of high capacity. Opt Lett, 2020, 45, 6274 doi: 10.1364/OL.409171
[23]
Chan J W, Huser T R, Risbud S H, et al. Waveguide fabrication in phosphate glasses using femtosecond laser pulses. Appl Phys Lett, 2003, 82, 2371 doi: 10.1063/1.1565708
[24]
Huang X J, Guo Q Y, Yang D D, et al. Reversible 3D laser printing of perovskite quantum dots inside a transparent medium. Nat Photonics, 2020, 14, 82 doi: 10.1038/s41566-019-0538-8
[25]
Lee H W, Schmidt M A, Uebel P, et al. Optofluidic refractive-index sensor in step-index fiber with parallel hollow micro-channel. Opt Express, 2011, 19, 8200 doi: 10.1364/OE.19.008200
[26]
Miura K, Qiu J R, Fujiwara S, et al. Three-dimensional optical memory with rewriteable and ultrahigh density using the valence-state change of samarium ions. Appl Phys Lett, 2002, 80, 2263 doi: 10.1063/1.1459769
[27]
Nie Z G, Lee H, Yoo H, et al. Multilayered optical bit memory with a high signal-to-noise ratio in fluorescent polymethylmethacrylate. Appl Phys Lett, 2009, 94, 111912 doi: 10.1063/1.3103365
[28]
Salter P S, Baum M, Alexeev I, et al. Exploring the depth range for three-dimensional laser machining with aberration correction. Opt Express, 2014, 22, 17644 doi: 10.1364/OE.22.017644
[29]
Cumming B P, Jesacher A, Booth M J, et al. Adaptive aberration compensation for three-dimensional micro-fabrication of photonic crystals in lithium niobate. Opt Express, 2011, 19, 9419 doi: 10.1364/OE.19.009419
[30]
Kuang Z, Liu D, Perrie W, et al. Fast parallel diffractive multi-beam femtosecond laser surface micro-structuring. Appl Surf Sci, 2009, 255, 6582 doi: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2009.02.043
[31]
Cheng H, Xia C, Kuebler S M, et al. Aberration correction for SLM-generated Bessel beams propagating through tilted interfaces. Opt Commun, 2020, 475, 126213 doi: 10.1016/j.optcom.2020.126213
[32]
Hacker M, Stobrawa G, Sauerbrey R, et al. Micromirror SLM for femtosecond pulse shaping in the ultraviolet. Appl Phys B, 2003, 76, 711 doi: 10.1007/s00340-003-1180-0
[33]
Alshehri A M, Deepak K L N, Marquez D T, et al. Localized nanoclusters formation in PDMS upon irradiation with femtosecond laser. Opt Mater Express, 2015, 5, 858 doi: 10.1364/OME.5.000858
[34]
Shibagaki K, Takada N, Sasaki K, et al. Synthetic characteristics of large carbon cluster ions by laser ablation of polymers in vacuum. J Appl Phys, 2002, 93, 655 doi: 10.1063/1.1525402
[35]
Gu M, Li X P. The Road to multi-dimensional bit-by-bit optical data storage. Opt Photonics News, 2010, 21, 28 doi: 10.1364/OPN.21.7.000028
[36]
Ma Z C, Zhang Y L, Han B, et al. Femtosecond-laser direct writing of metallic micro/nanostructures: From fabrication strategies to future applications. Small Methods, 2018, 2, 1700413 doi: 10.1002/smtd.201700413
[37]
Deepak K L N, Kuladeep R, Rao S V, et al. Luminescent microstructures in bulk and thin films of PMMA, PDMS, PVA, and PS fabricated using femtosecond direct writing technique. Chem Phys Lett, 2011, 503, 57 doi: 10.1016/j.cplett.2010.12.069
[38]
Huang X J, Guo Q Y, Kang S L, et al. Three-dimensional laser-assisted patterning of blue-emissive metal halide perovskite nanocrystals inside a glass with switchable photoluminescence. ACS Nano, 2020, 14, 3150 doi: 10.1021/acsnano.9b08314
[39]
Kawata S, Sun H B, Tanaka T, et al. Finer features for functional microdevices. Nature, 2001, 412, 697 doi: 10.1038/35089130
[40]
Straub M, Gu M. Near-infrared photonic crystals with higher-order bandgaps generated by two-photon photopolymerization. Opt Lett, 2002, 27, 1824 doi: 10.1364/OL.27.001824
[41]
Jurado-Navas A, Balsells J M G, Paris J F, et al. General analytical expressions for the bit error rate of atmospheric optical communication systems. Opt Lett, 2011, 36, 4095 doi: 10.1364/OL.36.004095
[42]
Goldfarb I J, McHenry R J, Penski E C. Thermal degradation of polymers. I. Aspects of polytetrafluoroethylene degradation. J Polym Sci, 1962, 58, 1283 doi: 10.1002/pol.1962.1205816683

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    Received: 16 December 2021 Revised: 28 January 2022 Online: Accepted Manuscript: 10 March 2022Uncorrected proof: 11 March 2022Published: 06 June 2022

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      Article Navigation >  Journal of Semiconductors  > 2022  >  43(6): 062301
      Xin Wei, Weiwei Zhao, Jintao Yang, Yong Zhang, Junming Song, Zhenhua Ni, Junpeng Lu, Hongwei Liu. Direct writing-in and visualizing reading-out data storage with high capacity in low-cost plastics[J]. Journal of Semiconductors, 2022, 43(6): 062301. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/43/6/062301 ****X Wei, W W Zhao, J T Yang, Y Zhang, J M Song, Z H Ni, J P Lu, H W Liu. Direct writing-in and visualizing reading-out data storage with high capacity in low-cost plastics[J]. J. Semicond, 2022, 43(6): 062301. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/43/6/062301
      Citation:
      Xin Wei, Weiwei Zhao, Jintao Yang, Yong Zhang, Junming Song, Zhenhua Ni, Junpeng Lu, Hongwei Liu. Direct writing-in and visualizing reading-out data storage with high capacity in low-cost plastics[J]. Journal of Semiconductors, 2022, 43(6): 062301. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/43/6/062301 ****
      X Wei, W W Zhao, J T Yang, Y Zhang, J M Song, Z H Ni, J P Lu, H W Liu. Direct writing-in and visualizing reading-out data storage with high capacity in low-cost plastics[J]. J. Semicond, 2022, 43(6): 062301. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/43/6/062301
      shu

      Direct writing-in and visualizing reading-out data storage with high capacity in low-cost plastics

      DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/43/6/062301
      • 1.

        School of Physics and Key Laboratory of MEMS of the Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China

      • 2.

        Jiangsu Key Lab on Opto-Electronic Technology, School of Physics and Technology, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China

      More Information
      • Xin Wei：is a Ph.D. candidate in the School of Physics, Southeast University, under the supervision of Prof. Junpeng Lu and Zhenhua Ni. His research focuses on optical storage based on continuous lasers and femtosecond lasers
      • Zhenhua Ni：is a professor at the School of Physics, Southeast University. He received his bachelor’s degree in Physics and a second bachelor’s degree in Applied Electrical Techniques from Shanghai Jiaotong University in 2003, a PhD degree in Physics from National University of Singapore (NUS) in 2007 and performed his postdoctoral research in the Department of Physics and Applied Physics at Nanyang Technological University (NTU) from 2007–2010. In 2009, he received the British Council “Researcher Exchange Programme Award” and worked as an academic visitor at Andre Gem’s research group at the University of Manchester. He has been a professor in the Physics Department at Southeast University since May 2010. His current research interests include the fabrication, characterization, and optoelectronic application of graphene and other two-dimensional materials
      • Junpeng Lu：is a professor at the School of Physics, Southeast University. He received his bachelor’s degree from the Department of Optical Information Science and Technology of Shandong University in 2009 and received his Ph.D. degree from the Department of Physics, National University of Singapore (NUS) in 2013. Then, he engaged his research work as a Research Fellow in the NUS from 2013 to 2017. After that, he joined the School of Physics, Southeast University in 2017. His current research interests include laser micro/nanomanufacturing/modification of low-dimensional materials; micro/nanooptoelectronics; ultrafast spectroscopy: transient absorption spectroscopy & time-resolved PL spectroscopy; THz time domain spectroscopy; and THz metamaterials
      • Hongwei Liu：is a professor at the School of Physics and Technology, Nanjing Normal University. She obtained her bachelor’s degree from the Department of Optical Information Science and Technology of Shandong University in 2009 and received her PhD degree from the Department of Physics, National University of Singapore (NUS) in 2013. From 2014 to 2017, she was a Research Scientist at Institute of Material Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency of Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore. Her current research is focused on light-matter interactions in low-dimensional materials, the design and fabrication of THz functional devices, and THz metamaterials
      • Corresponding author: zhni@seu.edu.cn; phyljp@seu.edu.cn; phylhw@njnu.edu.cn
      • Received Date: 2021-12-16
      • Accepted Date: 2022-03-10
      • Revised Date: 2022-01-28
        • Available Online: 2022-05-07

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