J. Semicond. > 2023, Volume 44 > Issue 4 > 040201

RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS

Recent progress and future prospect of novel multi-ion storage devices

Shijiang He1, §, Zidong Wang2, §, Zhijie Wang3, and Yong Lei2,

+ Author Affiliations

 Corresponding author: Zhijie Wang, wangzj@semi.ac.cn; Yong Lei, yong.lei@tu-ilmenau.de

DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/44/4/040201

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Rechargeable batteries, especially lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), have made rapid development since the 21st century, greatly facilitating people's lives[1-6]. Based on considerations of cost and existing problems (such as safety issues due to LIBs stacking strategy and unsatisfactory performance for various applications), researchers have explored alternative technologies to LIBs to meet the needs for wide application scenarios[5]. Among them, multi-ion storage devices such as dual-ion batteries (DIBs) and metal-ion hybrid capacitors (MIHCs) are considered promising alternative energy storage devices of LIBs due to their unique multi-ion storage mechanism. In a multi-ion storage device, cations and anions carry charges back and forth between the electrolyte and the electrodes at the same time, unlike the rocking chair mechanism of LIBs[7]. Generally, the anodes of DIBs and MIHCs work in a similar mechanism to LIBs, storing charge through redox reactions. The main difference among them is the mechanism of the cathodes during charging and discharging[8]. In DIBs, the battery-type cathode stores anions through the Faraday reaction. In MIHCs, the capacitive cathode usually stores anions through physical adsorption/desorption. These mean that two electrodes react with anions and cations respectively at the same time during charging and release both anions and cations back into the electrolyte simultaneously during discharging. The different energy storage mechanism of the cathodes makes the DIBs and MIHCs have different characteristics. Briefly, the high intercalation potential of the anion on the cathode makes the DIBs have a high working voltage, which is beneficial to obtain high energy density. Meanwhile, the adsorption/desorption behavior of anions on capacitive cathodes makes MIHCs can achieve a high power density. However, the similar energy storage mechanism of anode does not mean that the corresponding electrode materials and electrolyte system for metal-ion batteries can be applied directly to multi-ion storage devices. This is due to unsatisfactory electrochemical performance such as insufficient power density caused by kinetics mismatch. Therefore, the rational design and optimization of electrode materials and electrolyte systems are the key to the future development of multi-ion storage devices.

Anodes for multi-ion storage devices are currently the most investigated. And a shift has been made from material filtering to material optimization, to address the issues of kinetics mismatch and structural changes. Therefore, how to optimize electrode materials to obtain the best power performance without impairing the energy performance is the highlight and difficulty of current and future research. For this purpose, the nanoscale structure design is well known as one of the effective strategies for improving electrochemical performance and stability[9-11]. Typically, this method is usually combined with carbon material design to achieve a smaller size without agglomeration. Carbon-coated Ba0.5Ti2(PO4)3 nanospheres (BTP/C NSs) used as anodes of potassium ion hybrid capacitors (PIHCs) show excellent performance. When the power density is 129.1 W/kg, the maximum energy density of PIC can reach 566.1 W·h/kg, which is undoubtedly exciting. This anti-agglomeration strategy can also be further confirmed by Yang et al.[12]. They deposited two-dimensional MXene materials on a one-dimensional carbon nanotube (CNT). The prepared materials can effectively resist agglomeration. When used as an anode, the lithium-ion hybrid capacitor (LIHC) can achieve 201 W·h/kg high energy density at 210 W/kg power density. Even under the high-power density of 21 000 W/kg, the energy density can be kept at 92 W·h/kg. Beyond that, the composition control is also very impressive. By introducing heteroatoms into carbon materials and doping other atoms into materials, more active sites can be produced and better electrical conductivity can be achieved. Based on this principle, Te-doped MoS2 nanosheets were prepared as a sample to confirm the optimization of the internal electronic structure of MoS2 by introducing Te[13]. Meanwhile, the doped Te expanded the interlayer space and generated more active sites, facilitating performance. By comparing the TEM images of C@MoS2 and C@MoS2–xTex@C (Fig. 1(a)), it can be seen that Te doping inhibits the free growth of MoS2, thereby significantly reducing the size of MoS2 and facilitating the uniform distribution of nanosheets. As a result, Na-DIBs shows excellent cycle stability. At a current density of 1 A/g, it has a reversible capacity of 127.2 mA·h/g after 350 cycles, and the coulomb efficiency is as high as 98.9%. It may be related to the optimized internal electronic structure, which improved reaction kinetics and increased active sites. For the introduction of heteroatoms in carbon materials, an attempt has been made to increase the content beyond the investigation of the mechanism of atomic effect mechanisms[14]. Superhigh sulfur-doped (6.8%) layered hollow carbon spheres (SHCS) with uniform size distribution were prepared (Fig. 1(b)). Due to the high sulfur content and reasonable structure, the PIHC has achieved a high-power density of 17.7 kW/kg at an energy density of 135.6 W·h/kg, and its cycle life at 2 A/g exceeds 26 000 times (Fig. 1(c)). Meanwhile, these two strategies are often used in combination. Zhang et al.[15] synthesized polypyrrole-coated N and P co-doped (Fig. 1(d)) hollow carbon nanospheres (NPHCS@PPy) as the anode of LIHCs. N and P atoms doped into the carbon lattice increase the degree of disorder and the distance between layers. In addition, N and P co-doping brings more structural defects, which helps to improve the accessibility of Li ions to active sites. Through the synergy of the two strategies, the LIHCs can provide 149 W·h/kg of high energy density and 22 500 W/kg of high-power density. Even after 7500 cycles, the capacity retention rate is 92% (Fig. 1(e)).

Fig. 1.  (Color online) (a) Long-term cycle performance of C@MoS2–xTex@C//graphite DIBs. Reproduced with permission[13], Copyright 2022, Elsevier. (b) EDS elemental mapping images of SHCS. (c) Cycling stability at 2 A/g of ACBC//SHCS PIHCs. Reproduced with permission[14], Copyright 2021, American Chemical Society. (d) EDS elemental mapping images of NPHCS@PPy. (e) Cycling performance at a current density of 1 A/g. Reproduced with permission[15], Copyright 2021, Frontiers. (f) TEM images of artificial CEI on graphite cathode after cycling after 5 cycles and 50 cycles. (g) Rate performance at different current density of AS and TS in KDIB. (h) Nyquist diagram. (i) Cycling performance of AS and TS. Reproduced with permission[16], Copyright 2022, Elsevier.

The behavior of the cathode largely determines the performance of the device. However, the research on the cathode is still in its early stage. Although the inherent high working voltage of DIBs is conducive to obtaining higher energy density, the excessive voltage will significantly accelerate the side reaction on the surface of cathode materials. As a result, the stability of the structure and cycling is severely undermined. Wang et al.[16] formed an artificial CEI film on the graphite electrode (Fig. 1(f)) to address this issue. The modified expanded graphite shows excellent anion storage capacity and cycle stability when used as the cathode of K-DIB. As shown in Fig. 1(g), the expanded graphite modified by artificial CEI (AS) shows better rate performance than pristine expanded graphite (TS) under the current density tests of 1 C, 2 C and 3 C, respectively. Under the current density of 1 C, the discharge capacity of 56.1 mA·h can be stably provided after 100 cycles. In addition, AS also shows lower resistance and better cycle stability than TS (Figs. 1(h) and 1(i)). This result confirms the feasibility and potential of cathodic surface modification. In addition, the activated carbon, which is widely used as the MIHCs cathode, makes the devices’ energy density and practicability unsatisfactory[17]. Hence, an ordered-disordered hybrid carbon is reported as a cathode[18]. The much higher performance (with a specific capacity of 62.3 mA·h/g) than that of commercial activated carbon (17.6 mA·h/g) is due to such a unique mechanism of both anion adsorption and intercalation. When LIHC is assembled with the modified anode, the energy density reaches 231.5 W·h/kg at 0.05 A/g, and it can maintain 86.2 W·h/kg at 5.0 A/g even after 1000 cycles. Although great progress has been made in cathode materials for multi-ion storage devices, their specific capacity and structural stability are not enough for further application, and the investigation on cathode materials still needs to be continued.

In a multi-ion storage device, both cations and anions are used as carriers to transfer charges between the electrolyte and electrode. It means that the electrolyte can be considered both an ion transmission medium and an activated reaction material[19]. Hence, the electrolyte system has a significant impact on the performance of whole devices. In addition to improving the electrochemical stability window and increasing energy density, electrolytes can offer more possibilities for multi-ion storage devices. Recently, Chen et al.[20] developed a new electrolyte, which uses lithium/sodium mixed organic solvent to achieve lithium insertion and sodium insertion at the same time. Li+ and Na+ can be inserted into Li4Ti5O12 nanospheres at different potentials. The lithium/sodium hybrid ion capacitor using a mixed organic solvent system has a higher gravimetric energy density of 65.3 W·h/kg and good cycle efficiency (capacity retention rate of 3000 cycles is 95%), compared to single Li-MIHC or Na-MIHC. Meister et al.[21] reported a magnesium-based dual-ion MIHC, which realized simultaneous storage of multi-ions by adding Mg(TFSI)2 to Pyr14TFSI electrolyte (Fig. 2(a)). During charging, Mg2+ and Pyr14+ cations are stored on the porous activated carbon anode through physical adsorption, and TFSI anions are inserted into the graphite cathode through the Faraday reaction. During discharge, ions are released back into the electrolyte. This strategy can also be extended to lithium-based dual-ion MIHCs. Future work can be focused on this promising direction to develop more dual-ion MIHCs.

Fig. 2.  (Color online) (a) Simplified illustration of the working principle of a dual-ion hybrid capacitor. Reproduced with permission[21], Copyright 2021, Elsevier. (b) Illustration of the bendable LIC device assembled with the FeSe2@CNF anode, the CNF@AC cathode, and P(VDF-HFP)-based GPE. (c) GCD curve at the status of flat and bending for 180° of the obtained LIC. Reproduced with permission[22], Copyright 2022, Wiley. (d) Schematic illustration of the photocharging process of photo-MIC using VO2/rGO photo electrode and AC counter electrode. (e) Galvanostatic measurements under dark and illuminated conditions (λ ≈ 455 nm, intensity ≈ 12 mW/cm2) of photo-MICs at specific currents of 1.62 A/g. Reproduced with permission[23], Copyright 2022, Wiley.

Beyond the optimization of the device configuration, the functionalization of the device cannot be ignored in the future to suit more application situations. Recently, a flexible lithium-ion capacitor (LIC) has been developed to supply power to the wearable flexible human health monitoring sensor[22]. As shown in Fig. 2(b), this flexible LIC is composed of battery-type FeSe2@CNF anode and capacitive-type CNF@AC cathode. Gel polymer electrolyte (GPE) is used as a separator and electrolyte. It shows long-term cycle stability (1100 cycles at 2 A/g) and impressive volume energy/power density (98.4 W·h/L at 157.1 W/L, 58.9 W·h/L at 15714.3 W/L). Even under the extreme conditions of 180o bending, there is still no obvious capacity attenuation, showing reliable mechanical flexibility (Fig. 2(c)). This result demonstrates the miniaturization and flexibility of multi-ion storage devices. In addition, the devices can be also integrated with other functions such as solar energy conversion. Park et al.[23] prepared a light enhanced magnesium ion capacitor. A photocathode is composed of a mixture of VO2 and reduced graphene oxide (Fig. 2(d)). When it is used to generate and separate photoelectric charges, light can be used to increase capacitance and rate performance. Fig. 2(e) shows the enhancement of capacitance when the device is illuminated. Combined with the previous work[2, 24-26], the electrochemical energy storage equipment driven by light has a huge application prospect, which can significantly reduce energy consumption in the future.

In a word, although still in its early stages, multi-ion storage devices have a promising future due to their unique advantages, such as the high operating voltage of DIBs and the high energy density/power density of MIHCs. This is because the demand for more applications is limited by the unsatisfactory performance exhibited by today's LIBs, especially for electric vehicles and grid-scale energy storage. The concept of this novel multi-ion storage device, which can provide both high energy and high power in a single device, is expected to meet the requirements of electric vehicles and smart grids. In addition, providing both high energy and high power in a single device also means that there are more application possibilities for highly lightweight and integrated designs. For example, benefiting from the ability to provide sufficient energy in highly integrated smart wearables or flexible energy storage devices, the application and development of flexible solid-state devices will be boosted. In addition, multi-ion storage devices offer significant economic and space efficiency compared to LIBs in harvesting recycled braking energy from trains and heavy vehicles. In order to realize its application early, we should design the device configuration rationally (including the optimization of electrodes and electrolytes). Meanwhile, we note that there are some promising design solutions such as devices with more ions involved in energy storage, and this direction deserves further research and development. Moreover, the functionalization of devices can be designed in parallel to cope with more application scenarios in the future.

The authors acknowledge support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (22076116), German Research Foundation (DFG: LE 2249/15-1) and the Sino-German Center for Research Promotion (GZ1579). Zidong Wang would like to acknowledge the China Scholarship Council (No. 202007030003) for the financial support.



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Zhao C, Wang Z. An efficient entangled-photon source from semiconductor quantum dots. J Semicond, 2020, 41, 010401 doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/41/1/010401
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Liu J, Wang Z J, Lei Y. A close step towards industrialized application of solar water splitting. J Semicond, 2020, 41, 090401 doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/41/9/090401
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Zhou Y J, Wang Z D, Zheng C F. Construction of Co0.85Se@Ni nanopores array hybrid electrode for high-performance asymmetric supercapacitors. Chem Eng Sci, 2022, 247, 117081 doi: 10.1016/j.ces.2021.117081
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Yang B J, Liu B, Chen J T, et al. Realizing high-performance lithium-ion hybrid capacitor with a 3D MXene-carbon nanotube composite anode. Chem Eng J, 2022, 429, 132392 doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2021.132392
[13]
Zong J G, Wang F, Liu H, et al. Te-doping induced C@MoS2–xTex@C nanocomposites with improved electronic structure as high-performance anode for sodium-based dual-ion batteries. J Power Sources, 2022, 535, 231462 doi: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2022.231462
[14]
Qiu C, Li M, Qiu D, et al. Ultra-high sulfur-doped hierarchical porous hollow carbon sphere anodes enabling unprecedented durable potassium-ion hybrid capacitors. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2021, 13, 4994, 2 doi: 10.1021/acsami.1c14314
[15]
Zhang M D, Zheng X, Mu J W, et al. Robust and fast lithium storage enabled by Polypyrrole-coated nitrogen and phosphorus Co-doped hollow carbon nanospheres for lithium-ion capacitors. Front Chem, 2021, 9, 760473 doi: 10.3389/fchem.2021.760473
[16]
Wang Q, Liu W X, Wang S S, et al. High cycling stability graphite cathode modified by artificial CEI for potassium-based dual-ion batteries. J Alloys Compnds, 2022, 918, 165436 doi: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2022.165436
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Wang L, Zhang X, Li C, et al. Recent advances in transition metal chalcogenides for lithium-ion capacitors. Rare Metals, 2022, 41, 2971 doi: 10.1007/s12598-022-02028-8
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Sun J, Li G, Wang Z, et al. Balancing the anions adsorption and intercalation in carbon cathode enables high energy density dual-carbon lithium-ion capacitors. Carbon, 2022, 200, 28 doi: 10.1016/j.carbon.2022.08.046
[19]
Kotronia A, Edstrom K, Brandell D, et al. Ternary ionogel electrolytes enable quasi-solid-state potassium dual-ion intercalation batteries. Adv Energy Sustain Res, 2022, 3, 2100122 doi: 10.1002/aesr.202100122
[20]
Chen Z, Li Z, He W, et al. Lithium-sodium ion capacitors: A new type of hybrid supercapacitors with high energy density. J Electroanalyt Chem, 2021, 888, 115202 doi: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2021.115202
[21]
Meister P, Kupers V, Kolek M, et al. Enabling Mg-based ionic liquid electrolytes for hybrid dual-ion capacitors. Batter Supercaps, 2021, 4, 504 doi: 10.1002/batt.202000246
[22]
Liang T, Mao Z, Li L, et al. A mechanically flexible necklace-like architecture for achieving fast charging and high capacity in advanced lithium-ion capacitors. Small, 2022, 18, 2201792 doi: 10.1002/smll.202201792
[23]
Park S K, Boruah B D, Pujari A, et al. Photo-enhanced magnesium-ion capacitors using photoactive electrodes. Small, 2022, 18, 2202785 doi: 10.1002/smll.202202785
[24]
Ma M, Wang Z, Lei Y. An in-depth understanding of photophysics in organic photocatalysts. J Semicond, 2023, 44, 030401 doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/44/3/030401
[25]
Zeng L, Ma R J, Zhou Z X, et al. Ester side chains engineered quinoxaline-based D-A copolymers for high-efficiency all-polymer solar cells. Chem Eng J, 2021, 429, 132551 doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2021.132551
[26]
Li C, Li J, Huang Y, et al. Recent development in electronic structure tuning of graphitic carbon nitride for highly efficient photocatalysis. J Semicond, 2022, 43, 021701 doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/43/2/021701
Fig. 1.  (Color online) (a) Long-term cycle performance of C@MoS2–xTex@C//graphite DIBs. Reproduced with permission[13], Copyright 2022, Elsevier. (b) EDS elemental mapping images of SHCS. (c) Cycling stability at 2 A/g of ACBC//SHCS PIHCs. Reproduced with permission[14], Copyright 2021, American Chemical Society. (d) EDS elemental mapping images of NPHCS@PPy. (e) Cycling performance at a current density of 1 A/g. Reproduced with permission[15], Copyright 2021, Frontiers. (f) TEM images of artificial CEI on graphite cathode after cycling after 5 cycles and 50 cycles. (g) Rate performance at different current density of AS and TS in KDIB. (h) Nyquist diagram. (i) Cycling performance of AS and TS. Reproduced with permission[16], Copyright 2022, Elsevier.

Fig. 2.  (Color online) (a) Simplified illustration of the working principle of a dual-ion hybrid capacitor. Reproduced with permission[21], Copyright 2021, Elsevier. (b) Illustration of the bendable LIC device assembled with the FeSe2@CNF anode, the CNF@AC cathode, and P(VDF-HFP)-based GPE. (c) GCD curve at the status of flat and bending for 180° of the obtained LIC. Reproduced with permission[22], Copyright 2022, Wiley. (d) Schematic illustration of the photocharging process of photo-MIC using VO2/rGO photo electrode and AC counter electrode. (e) Galvanostatic measurements under dark and illuminated conditions (λ ≈ 455 nm, intensity ≈ 12 mW/cm2) of photo-MICs at specific currents of 1.62 A/g. Reproduced with permission[23], Copyright 2022, Wiley.

[1]
Deng L, Wei T, Liu J, et al. Recent developments of carbon-based anode materials for flexible lithium-ion batteries. Crystals, 2022, 12, 1279 doi: 10.3390/cryst12091279
[2]
Zhao C, Wang Z. An efficient entangled-photon source from semiconductor quantum dots. J Semicond, 2020, 41, 010401 doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/41/1/010401
[3]
Zhang D, Tan, C, Ou T, et al. Constructing advanced electrode materials for low-temperature lithium-ion batteries: A review. Energy Rep, 2022, 8, 4525 doi: 10.1016/j.egyr.2022.03.130
[4]
Zhao C, Xu B, Wang Z, et al. Boron-doped III-V semiconductors for Si-based optoelectronic devices. J Semicond, 2020, 41, 011301 doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/41/1/011301
[5]
Gao Y L, Pan Z H, Sun J G, et al. High-energy batteries: Beyond lithium-ion and their long road to commercialisation. Nano-Micro Lett, 2022, 14, 94 doi: 10.1007/s40820-022-00844-2
[6]
Zhu H F, Sha M, Zhao H P, et al. Highly-rough surface carbon nanofibers film as an effective interlayer for lithium-sulfur batteries. J Semicond, 2020, 41, 092701 doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/41/9/092701
[7]
Xu S F, Sun M X, Wang Q, et al. Recent progress in organic electrodes for zinc-ion batteries. J Semicond, 2020, 41, 091704 doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/41/9/091704
[8]
Amatucci G G, Badway, Du Pasquier, et al. An asymmetric hybrid nonaqueous energy storage cell. J Electrochem Soc, 2001, 148, 930 doi: 10.1149/1.1383553
[9]
Zheng J S, Xing G G, Zhang L Y, et al. A minireview on high-performance anodes for lithium-ion capacitors. Batter Supercaps, 2021, 4, 897 doi: 10.1002/batt.202000292
[10]
Liu J, Wang Z J, Lei Y. A close step towards industrialized application of solar water splitting. J Semicond, 2020, 41, 090401 doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/41/9/090401
[11]
Zhou Y J, Wang Z D, Zheng C F. Construction of Co0.85Se@Ni nanopores array hybrid electrode for high-performance asymmetric supercapacitors. Chem Eng Sci, 2022, 247, 117081 doi: 10.1016/j.ces.2021.117081
[12]
Yang B J, Liu B, Chen J T, et al. Realizing high-performance lithium-ion hybrid capacitor with a 3D MXene-carbon nanotube composite anode. Chem Eng J, 2022, 429, 132392 doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2021.132392
[13]
Zong J G, Wang F, Liu H, et al. Te-doping induced C@MoS2–xTex@C nanocomposites with improved electronic structure as high-performance anode for sodium-based dual-ion batteries. J Power Sources, 2022, 535, 231462 doi: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2022.231462
[14]
Qiu C, Li M, Qiu D, et al. Ultra-high sulfur-doped hierarchical porous hollow carbon sphere anodes enabling unprecedented durable potassium-ion hybrid capacitors. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2021, 13, 4994, 2 doi: 10.1021/acsami.1c14314
[15]
Zhang M D, Zheng X, Mu J W, et al. Robust and fast lithium storage enabled by Polypyrrole-coated nitrogen and phosphorus Co-doped hollow carbon nanospheres for lithium-ion capacitors. Front Chem, 2021, 9, 760473 doi: 10.3389/fchem.2021.760473
[16]
Wang Q, Liu W X, Wang S S, et al. High cycling stability graphite cathode modified by artificial CEI for potassium-based dual-ion batteries. J Alloys Compnds, 2022, 918, 165436 doi: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2022.165436
[17]
Wang L, Zhang X, Li C, et al. Recent advances in transition metal chalcogenides for lithium-ion capacitors. Rare Metals, 2022, 41, 2971 doi: 10.1007/s12598-022-02028-8
[18]
Sun J, Li G, Wang Z, et al. Balancing the anions adsorption and intercalation in carbon cathode enables high energy density dual-carbon lithium-ion capacitors. Carbon, 2022, 200, 28 doi: 10.1016/j.carbon.2022.08.046
[19]
Kotronia A, Edstrom K, Brandell D, et al. Ternary ionogel electrolytes enable quasi-solid-state potassium dual-ion intercalation batteries. Adv Energy Sustain Res, 2022, 3, 2100122 doi: 10.1002/aesr.202100122
[20]
Chen Z, Li Z, He W, et al. Lithium-sodium ion capacitors: A new type of hybrid supercapacitors with high energy density. J Electroanalyt Chem, 2021, 888, 115202 doi: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2021.115202
[21]
Meister P, Kupers V, Kolek M, et al. Enabling Mg-based ionic liquid electrolytes for hybrid dual-ion capacitors. Batter Supercaps, 2021, 4, 504 doi: 10.1002/batt.202000246
[22]
Liang T, Mao Z, Li L, et al. A mechanically flexible necklace-like architecture for achieving fast charging and high capacity in advanced lithium-ion capacitors. Small, 2022, 18, 2201792 doi: 10.1002/smll.202201792
[23]
Park S K, Boruah B D, Pujari A, et al. Photo-enhanced magnesium-ion capacitors using photoactive electrodes. Small, 2022, 18, 2202785 doi: 10.1002/smll.202202785
[24]
Ma M, Wang Z, Lei Y. An in-depth understanding of photophysics in organic photocatalysts. J Semicond, 2023, 44, 030401 doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/44/3/030401
[25]
Zeng L, Ma R J, Zhou Z X, et al. Ester side chains engineered quinoxaline-based D-A copolymers for high-efficiency all-polymer solar cells. Chem Eng J, 2021, 429, 132551 doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2021.132551
[26]
Li C, Li J, Huang Y, et al. Recent development in electronic structure tuning of graphitic carbon nitride for highly efficient photocatalysis. J Semicond, 2022, 43, 021701 doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/43/2/021701
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    Shijiang He, Zidong Wang, Zhijie Wang, Yong Lei. Recent progress and future prospect of novel multi-ion storage devices[J]. Journal of Semiconductors, 2023, 44(4): 040201. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/44/4/040201
    S J He, Z D Wang, Z J Wang, Y Lei. Recent progress and future prospect of novel multi-ion storage devices[J]. J. Semicond, 2023, 44(4): 040201. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/44/4/040201
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    Received: 03 January 2023 Revised: Online: Accepted Manuscript: 04 February 2023Uncorrected proof: 27 February 2023Published: 10 April 2023

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      Shijiang He, Zidong Wang, Zhijie Wang, Yong Lei. Recent progress and future prospect of novel multi-ion storage devices[J]. Journal of Semiconductors, 2023, 44(4): 040201. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/44/4/040201 ****S J He, Z D Wang, Z J Wang, Y Lei. Recent progress and future prospect of novel multi-ion storage devices[J]. J. Semicond, 2023, 44(4): 040201. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/44/4/040201
      Citation:
      Shijiang He, Zidong Wang, Zhijie Wang, Yong Lei. Recent progress and future prospect of novel multi-ion storage devices[J]. Journal of Semiconductors, 2023, 44(4): 040201. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/44/4/040201 ****
      S J He, Z D Wang, Z J Wang, Y Lei. Recent progress and future prospect of novel multi-ion storage devices[J]. J. Semicond, 2023, 44(4): 040201. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/44/4/040201

      Recent progress and future prospect of novel multi-ion storage devices

      DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/44/4/040201
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      • Shijiang He:got his B.S. degree from Changzhou University in 2021. Now he is a M.S. student at the Shanghai University. His research interests focus on the construction and functionalization of nanomaterials for energy storage devices
      • Zidong Wang:received his M.S. degree in materials physics and chemistry from Yunnan University in 2020. He is currently a Ph.D. student under the supervision of Prof. Yong Lei at the Technical University of Ilmenau in Germany. His research interests focus on designing and synthesizing nanostructural inorganic materials for electrochemical energy storage
      • Zhijie Wang:received his B.S. degree in 2004 from Zhejiang University and Ph.D. degree in 2009 from the Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences. After four years of postdoc research in the University of Wyoming and the University of Michigan, he worked as a senior scientist and a junior group leader at the Ilmenau University of Technology (Germany) in the 3D Nanostructuring Group of Prof. Yong Lei since 2013. He is currently a professor in the Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences. His research interest includes nanomaterials, nano-devices, energy-related sciences, surface science and photoelectron chemistry
      • Yong Lei:is Professor and Head of Group (Chair) of Applied Nano-physics at Technical University of Ilmenau in Germany. He started to work in Germany as an Alexander von Humboldt Fellow at Karlsruhe Institute of Technology in 2003. From 2006 he worked at University of Muenster as a group leader and Junior Professor. In 2011, he joined the Technical University of Ilmenau as a Professor. His research focuses on template-based nanostructuring, energy conversion and storage devices, and optoelectronic applications of functional nanostructures. He received a few prestigious funding in Europe and Germany including two European Research Council Grants
      • Corresponding author: wangzj@semi.ac.cnyong.lei@tu-ilmenau.de
      • Received Date: 2023-01-03
        Available Online: 2023-02-04

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