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Efficiency-loss analysis of monolithic perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells by identifying the patterns of a dual two-diode model’s current-voltage curves

Yuheng Zeng1, 2, 3, §, , Zetao Ding1, 2, 3, §, Zunke Liu1, 2, 3, Wei Liu1, 3, Mingdun Liao1, 3, Xi Yang1, 2, 3, Zhiqin Ying1, 3, Jingsong Sun1, 3, Jiang Sheng1, 2, 3, Baojie Yan1, 2, 3, Haiyan He4, Chunhui Shou4, Zhenhai Yang1, 3, and Jichun Ye1, 2, 3,

+ Author Affiliations

 Corresponding author: Yuheng Zeng, yuhengzeng@nimte.ac.cn; Zhenhai Yang, yangzhenhai@nimte.ac.cn; Jichun Ye, jichun.ye@nimte.ac.cn

DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/44/8/082702

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Abstract: In this work, we developed a simple and direct circuit model with a dual two-diode model that can be solved by a SPICE numerical simulation to comprehensively describe the monolithic perovskite/crystalline silicon (PVS/c-Si) tandem solar cells. We are able to reveal the effects of different efficiency-loss mechanisms based on the illuminated current density-voltage (J-V), semi-log dark J-V, and local ideality factor (m-V) curves. The effects of the individual efficiency-loss mechanism on the tandem cell’s efficiency are discussed, including the exp(V/VT) and exp(V/2VT) recombination, the whole cell’s and subcell’s shunts, and the Ohmic-contact or Schottky-contact of the intermediate junction. We can also fit a practical J-V curve and find a specific group of parameters by the trial-and-error method. Although the fitted parameters are not a unique solution, they are valuable clues for identifying the efficiency loss with the aid of the cell’s structure and experimental processes. This method can also serve as an open platform for analyzing other tandem solar cells by substituting the corresponding circuit models. In summary, we developed a simple and effective methodology to diagnose the efficiency-loss source of a monolithic PVS/c-Si tandem cell, which is helpful to researchers who wish to adopt the proper approaches to improve their solar cells.

Key words: monolithic perovskite/silicon tandem solar cell, efficiency-loss analysis, dual two-diode model, SPICE numerical simulation



[1]
De Vos A. Detailed balance limit of the efficiency of tandem solar cells. J Phys D: Appl Phys, 1980, 13, 839 doi: 10.1088/0022-3727/13/5/018
[2]
Shockley W, Queisser H J. Detailed balance limit of efficiency of p-n junction solar cells. J Appl Phys, 1961, 32(3), 510 doi: 10.1063/1.1736034
[3]
Schäfer S, Brendel R. Accurate calculation of the absorptance enhances efficiency limit of crystalline silicon solar cells with lambertian light trapping. IEEE J Photovolt, 2018, 8(4), 1156 doi: 10.1109/JPHOTOV.2018.2824024
[4]
Bremner S P, Levy M Y, Honsberg C B. Analysis of tandem solar cell efficiencies under AM1.5G spectrum using a rapid flux calculation method. Prog Photovolt, 2008, 16(3), 225 doi: 10.1002/pip.799
[5]
Shen H P, Walter D, Wu Y L, et al. Monolithic perovskite/Si tandem solar cells: Pathways to over 30% efficiency. Adv Energy Mater, 2020, 10(13), 1902840 doi: 10.1002/aenm.201902840
[6]
Helmholtz-Zentrum-Berlin. World record back at HZB: Tandem solar cell achieves 32.5 percent efficiency. 2022
[7]
Yoshikawa K, Kawasaki H, Yoshida W, et al. Silicon heterojunction solar cell with interdigitated back contacts for a photoconversion efficiency over 26%. Nat Energy, 2017, 2(5), 17032 doi: 10.1038/nenergy.2017.32
[8]
Peibst R, Rienäcker M, Larionova Y, et al. Towards 28%-efficient Si single-junction solar cells with better passivating POLO junctions and photonic crystals. Sol Energy Mater Sol Cells, 2022, 238, 111560 doi: 10.1016/j.solmat.2021.111560
[9]
Shockley W. The theory of p-n junctions in semiconductors and p-n junction transistors. Bell Syst Tech J, 1949, 28, 435 doi: 10.1002/j.1538-7305.1949.tb03645.x
[10]
Luque A, Hegedus S. Handbook of photovoltaic science and engineering. John Wiley & Sons, 2011
[11]
McIntosh K R. Lumps, Humps and Bumps: Three Detrimental E Ects in the Current-Voltage Curve of Silicon Solar Cells. University of New South Wales, 2001
[12]
Bauer A, Hanisch J, Ahlswede E. An effective single solar cell equivalent circuit model for two or more solar cells connected in series. IEEE J Photovolt, 2014, 4(1), 340 doi: 10.1109/JPHOTOV.2013.2283056
[13]
Domínguez C, Antón I, Sala G. Multijunction solar cell model for translating I-V characteristics as a function of irradiance, spectrum, and cell temperature. Prog Photovolt, 2010, 18(4), 272 doi: doi.org/10.1002/pip.965
[14]
Lang F, Köhnen E, Warby J, et al. Revealing fundamental efficiency limits of monolithic perovskite/silicon tandem photovoltaics through subcell characterization. ACS Energy Lett, 2021, 6(11), 3982 doi: 10.1021/acsenergylett.1c01783
[15]
Agarwal Y, Das B, Dutta A J, et al. Numerical simulation of tunneling effect in high-efficiency perovskite/silicon tandem solar cell. 2020 47th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC), 2021, 1318 doi: 10.1109/PVSC45281.2020.9300412
[16]
Blaga C, Christmann G, Boccard M, et al. Palliating the efficiency loss due to shunting in perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells through modifying the resistive properties of the recombination junction. Sustainable Energy Fuels, 2021, 5(7), 2036 doi: 10.1039/D1SE00030F
[17]
Miyano K, Tripathi N, Yanagida M, et al. Lead halide perovskite photovoltaic as a model p–i–n diode. Acc Chem Res, 2016, 49, 303 doi: 10.1021/acs.accounts.5b00436
[18]
Velilla E, Cano J, Jimenez K, et al. Numerical analysis to determine reliable one-diode model parameters for perovskite solar cells. Energies, 2018, 11(8), 1963 doi: 10.3390/en11081963
[19]
Cappelletti M A, Casas G A, Cédola A P, et al. Study of the reverse saturation current and series resistance of p-p-n perovskite solar cells using the single and double-diode models. Superlattices Microstruct, 2018, 123, 338 doi: 10.1016/j.spmi.2018.09.023
[20]
Boccard M, Ballif C. Influence of the subcell properties on the fill factor of two-terminal perovskite–silicon tandem solar cells. ACS Energy Lett, 2020, 5(4), 1077 doi: 10.1021/acsenergylett.0c00156
[21]
Tockhorn P, Wagner P, Kegelmann L, et al. Three-terminal perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells with top and interdigitated rear contacts. ACS Appl Energy Mater, 2020, 3(2), 1381 doi: 10.1021/acsaem.9b01800
[22]
Green M A. Solar cells: operating principles, technology, and system applications. Englewood Cliffs, 1982
[23]
Sah C T, Noyce R N, Shockley W. Carrier generation and recombination in P-N junctions and P-N junction characteristics. Proc IRE, 1957, 45(9), 1228 doi: 10.1109/JRPROC.1957.278528
[24]
Henry C H, Logan R A, Merritt F R. The effect of surface recombination on current in AlxGa1–xAs heterojunctions. J Appl Phys, 1978, 49(6), 3530 doi: 10.1063/1.325265
[25]
Fong K C, McIntosh K R, Blakers A W. Accurate series resistance measurement of solar cells. Prog Photovolt, 2013, 21(4), 490 doi: 10.1002/pip.1216
[26]
Lin Y R, Yang Z H, Liu Z K, et al. Dual-functional carbon-doped polysilicon films for passivating contact solar cells: Regulating physical contacts while promoting photoelectrical properties. Energy Environ Sci, 2021, 14, 6406 doi: 10.1039/D1EE02011K
[27]
Ying Z Q, Yang X, Zheng J M, et al. Charge-transfer induced multifunctional BCP: Ag complexes for semi-transparent perovskite solar cells with a record fill factor of 80.1%. J Mater Chem A, 2021, 9(20), 12009 doi: 10.1039/D1TA01180D
[28]
Ying Z Q, Yang Z H, Zheng J M, et al. Monolithic perovskite/black-silicon tandems based on tunnel oxide passivated contacts. Joule, 2022, 6, 2644 doi: 10.1016/j.joule.2022.09.006
[29]
Shou C H, Zheng J M, Han Q L, et al. Optimization of tunnel-junction for perovskite/tunnel oxide passivated contact (TOPCon) tandem solar cells. Phys Status Solidi A, 2021, 218, 2100562 doi: 10.1002/pssa.202100562
[30]
Green M A, Blakers A W, Osterwald C R. Characterization of high-efficiency silicon solar cells. J Appl Phys, 1985, 58(11), 4402 doi: 10.1063/1.336286
[31]
Saint-Cast P, Werner S, Greulich J, et al. Analysis of the losses of industrial-type PERC solar cells. Phys Status Solidi A, 2017, 214(3), 1600708 doi: 10.1002/pssa.201600708
Fig. 1.  (Color online) (a) Schematic diagram and (b) diode model of the perovskite/Si tandem solar cell. Note that a well-fabricated intermediate junction is considered as a resistor; alternatively, an improperly prepared intermediate junction is considered as a Schottky junction.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint
Fig. 2.  (Color online) (a) Illuminated J-V curves, (b) dark J-V curves of the 24% Si solar cell, 19% PVS solar cell, and 28.5% PVS/Si tandem solar cell, which parameters listed in Table 1 are extracted from the reported Si and perovskite solar cells. (c) Semi-log dark J-V curves and (d) m-V curves of the 28.5% PVS/Si tandem solar cell and the individual branches from the diode models.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint
Fig. 3.  (Color online) Illuminated J-V curves of the PVS/Si tandem cells whose efficiency loss is originated from the different Si subcell’s Voc-loss mechanisms, i.e., (a) I01_Si and (b) I02_Si, respectively. Effects of I01_Si and I02_Si on (c) the efficiency, (d) the Voc, (e) the FF, (f) the semi-log dark I-V curves, and (g) the m-V curves of the tandem cells.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint
Fig. 4.  (Color online) Illuminated J-V curves of the PVS/Si tandem cells with different shunt resistances originated from (a) the full cell, (b) the Si subcell, or (c) the PVS subcell. The shunt resistance values are set as 100000, 5000, 1000, 500, and 100 Ω.cm2, representing different degrees of leakage. The semi-log dark J-V curve comparison (d) and m-V curve comparison (e) of the three cells with shunt resistances of 1000 and 100 Ω.cm2.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint
Fig. 5.  (Color online) (a) Schematic diagrams of the Ohmic-contact intermediate junction. Effects of the intermediate junction with different resistances on (b) the illuminated J-V curves, (c) the Voc and FF, (d) the semi-log dark J-V curves, and (e) the m-V curves.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint
Fig. 6.  (Color online) (a) Schematic diagrams of the Schottky-contact intermediate junction. Effects of the intermediate junction with different saturation current densities on (b) the illuminated J-V curves, (c) the Voc and FF, (d) the semi-log dark J-V curves, and (e) the m-V curves.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

Table 1.   Default parameters used for the tandem solar cell.

I01 (A/cm2)I02 (A/cm2)Rsh (Ω.cm2)Rs (Ω.cm2)JL/Jsc
(mA/cm2)		Voc (mV)FF (%)PCE (%)MPP (mV)
Si subcell6×10−145×10−91×1050.241.570282.024.0608
PVS subcell1×10−211×10−113×1030.421.5109680.019.0943
Junction0.01
Tandem1×1050.119.5178182.028.51535
DownLoad: CSV

Table 2.   The setting I01_Si and I02_Si values of the Si subcells.

600 mV640 mV670 mV700 mV730 mV
I01_Si (A/cm2)3.4×10−127×10−142.2×10−136×10−142×10−14
I02_Si (A/cm2)3.7×10−71.6×10−77.2×10−85×10−91×10−11
DownLoad: CSV
[1]
De Vos A. Detailed balance limit of the efficiency of tandem solar cells. J Phys D: Appl Phys, 1980, 13, 839 doi: 10.1088/0022-3727/13/5/018
[2]
Shockley W, Queisser H J. Detailed balance limit of efficiency of p-n junction solar cells. J Appl Phys, 1961, 32(3), 510 doi: 10.1063/1.1736034
[3]
Schäfer S, Brendel R. Accurate calculation of the absorptance enhances efficiency limit of crystalline silicon solar cells with lambertian light trapping. IEEE J Photovolt, 2018, 8(4), 1156 doi: 10.1109/JPHOTOV.2018.2824024
[4]
Bremner S P, Levy M Y, Honsberg C B. Analysis of tandem solar cell efficiencies under AM1.5G spectrum using a rapid flux calculation method. Prog Photovolt, 2008, 16(3), 225 doi: 10.1002/pip.799
[5]
Shen H P, Walter D, Wu Y L, et al. Monolithic perovskite/Si tandem solar cells: Pathways to over 30% efficiency. Adv Energy Mater, 2020, 10(13), 1902840 doi: 10.1002/aenm.201902840
[6]
Helmholtz-Zentrum-Berlin. World record back at HZB: Tandem solar cell achieves 32.5 percent efficiency. 2022
[7]
Yoshikawa K, Kawasaki H, Yoshida W, et al. Silicon heterojunction solar cell with interdigitated back contacts for a photoconversion efficiency over 26%. Nat Energy, 2017, 2(5), 17032 doi: 10.1038/nenergy.2017.32
[8]
Peibst R, Rienäcker M, Larionova Y, et al. Towards 28%-efficient Si single-junction solar cells with better passivating POLO junctions and photonic crystals. Sol Energy Mater Sol Cells, 2022, 238, 111560 doi: 10.1016/j.solmat.2021.111560
[9]
Shockley W. The theory of p-n junctions in semiconductors and p-n junction transistors. Bell Syst Tech J, 1949, 28, 435 doi: 10.1002/j.1538-7305.1949.tb03645.x
[10]
Luque A, Hegedus S. Handbook of photovoltaic science and engineering. John Wiley & Sons, 2011
[11]
McIntosh K R. Lumps, Humps and Bumps: Three Detrimental E Ects in the Current-Voltage Curve of Silicon Solar Cells. University of New South Wales, 2001
[12]
Bauer A, Hanisch J, Ahlswede E. An effective single solar cell equivalent circuit model for two or more solar cells connected in series. IEEE J Photovolt, 2014, 4(1), 340 doi: 10.1109/JPHOTOV.2013.2283056
[13]
Domínguez C, Antón I, Sala G. Multijunction solar cell model for translating I-V characteristics as a function of irradiance, spectrum, and cell temperature. Prog Photovolt, 2010, 18(4), 272 doi: doi.org/10.1002/pip.965
[14]
Lang F, Köhnen E, Warby J, et al. Revealing fundamental efficiency limits of monolithic perovskite/silicon tandem photovoltaics through subcell characterization. ACS Energy Lett, 2021, 6(11), 3982 doi: 10.1021/acsenergylett.1c01783
[15]
Agarwal Y, Das B, Dutta A J, et al. Numerical simulation of tunneling effect in high-efficiency perovskite/silicon tandem solar cell. 2020 47th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC), 2021, 1318 doi: 10.1109/PVSC45281.2020.9300412
[16]
Blaga C, Christmann G, Boccard M, et al. Palliating the efficiency loss due to shunting in perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells through modifying the resistive properties of the recombination junction. Sustainable Energy Fuels, 2021, 5(7), 2036 doi: 10.1039/D1SE00030F
[17]
Miyano K, Tripathi N, Yanagida M, et al. Lead halide perovskite photovoltaic as a model p–i–n diode. Acc Chem Res, 2016, 49, 303 doi: 10.1021/acs.accounts.5b00436
[18]
Velilla E, Cano J, Jimenez K, et al. Numerical analysis to determine reliable one-diode model parameters for perovskite solar cells. Energies, 2018, 11(8), 1963 doi: 10.3390/en11081963
[19]
Cappelletti M A, Casas G A, Cédola A P, et al. Study of the reverse saturation current and series resistance of p-p-n perovskite solar cells using the single and double-diode models. Superlattices Microstruct, 2018, 123, 338 doi: 10.1016/j.spmi.2018.09.023
[20]
Boccard M, Ballif C. Influence of the subcell properties on the fill factor of two-terminal perovskite–silicon tandem solar cells. ACS Energy Lett, 2020, 5(4), 1077 doi: 10.1021/acsenergylett.0c00156
[21]
Tockhorn P, Wagner P, Kegelmann L, et al. Three-terminal perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells with top and interdigitated rear contacts. ACS Appl Energy Mater, 2020, 3(2), 1381 doi: 10.1021/acsaem.9b01800
[22]
Green M A. Solar cells: operating principles, technology, and system applications. Englewood Cliffs, 1982
[23]
Sah C T, Noyce R N, Shockley W. Carrier generation and recombination in P-N junctions and P-N junction characteristics. Proc IRE, 1957, 45(9), 1228 doi: 10.1109/JRPROC.1957.278528
[24]
Henry C H, Logan R A, Merritt F R. The effect of surface recombination on current in AlxGa1–xAs heterojunctions. J Appl Phys, 1978, 49(6), 3530 doi: 10.1063/1.325265
[25]
Fong K C, McIntosh K R, Blakers A W. Accurate series resistance measurement of solar cells. Prog Photovolt, 2013, 21(4), 490 doi: 10.1002/pip.1216
[26]
Lin Y R, Yang Z H, Liu Z K, et al. Dual-functional carbon-doped polysilicon films for passivating contact solar cells: Regulating physical contacts while promoting photoelectrical properties. Energy Environ Sci, 2021, 14, 6406 doi: 10.1039/D1EE02011K
[27]
Ying Z Q, Yang X, Zheng J M, et al. Charge-transfer induced multifunctional BCP: Ag complexes for semi-transparent perovskite solar cells with a record fill factor of 80.1%. J Mater Chem A, 2021, 9(20), 12009 doi: 10.1039/D1TA01180D
[28]
Ying Z Q, Yang Z H, Zheng J M, et al. Monolithic perovskite/black-silicon tandems based on tunnel oxide passivated contacts. Joule, 2022, 6, 2644 doi: 10.1016/j.joule.2022.09.006
[29]
Shou C H, Zheng J M, Han Q L, et al. Optimization of tunnel-junction for perovskite/tunnel oxide passivated contact (TOPCon) tandem solar cells. Phys Status Solidi A, 2021, 218, 2100562 doi: 10.1002/pssa.202100562
[30]
Green M A, Blakers A W, Osterwald C R. Characterization of high-efficiency silicon solar cells. J Appl Phys, 1985, 58(11), 4402 doi: 10.1063/1.336286
[31]
Saint-Cast P, Werner S, Greulich J, et al. Analysis of the losses of industrial-type PERC solar cells. Phys Status Solidi A, 2017, 214(3), 1600708 doi: 10.1002/pssa.201600708

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    Received: 17 February 2023 Revised: 24 March 2023 Online: Accepted Manuscript: 24 May 2023Uncorrected proof: 05 July 2023Published: 10 August 2023

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      Article Navigation >  Journal of Semiconductors  > 2023  >  44(8): 082702
      Yuheng Zeng, Zetao Ding, Zunke Liu, Wei Liu, Mingdun Liao, Xi Yang, Zhiqin Ying, Jingsong Sun, Jiang Sheng, Baojie Yan, Haiyan He, Chunhui Shou, Zhenhai Yang, Jichun Ye. Efficiency-loss analysis of monolithic perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells by identifying the patterns of a dual two-diode model’s current-voltage curves[J]. Journal of Semiconductors, 2023, 44(8): 082702. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/44/8/082702 ****Y H Zeng, Z T Ding, Z K Liu, W Liu, M D Liao, X Yang, Z Q Ying, J S Sun, J Sheng, B J Yan, H Y He, C H Shou, Z H Yang, J C Ye. Efficiency-loss analysis of monolithic perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells by identifying the patterns of a dual two-diode model’s current-voltage curves[J]. J. Semicond, 2023, 44(8): 082702. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/44/8/082702
      Citation:
      Yuheng Zeng, Zetao Ding, Zunke Liu, Wei Liu, Mingdun Liao, Xi Yang, Zhiqin Ying, Jingsong Sun, Jiang Sheng, Baojie Yan, Haiyan He, Chunhui Shou, Zhenhai Yang, Jichun Ye. Efficiency-loss analysis of monolithic perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells by identifying the patterns of a dual two-diode model’s current-voltage curves[J]. Journal of Semiconductors, 2023, 44(8): 082702. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/44/8/082702 ****
      Y H Zeng, Z T Ding, Z K Liu, W Liu, M D Liao, X Yang, Z Q Ying, J S Sun, J Sheng, B J Yan, H Y He, C H Shou, Z H Yang, J C Ye. Efficiency-loss analysis of monolithic perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells by identifying the patterns of a dual two-diode model’s current-voltage curves[J]. J. Semicond, 2023, 44(8): 082702. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/44/8/082702
      shu

      Efficiency-loss analysis of monolithic perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells by identifying the patterns of a dual two-diode model’s current-voltage curves

      DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/44/8/082702
      • 1.

        Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China

      • 2.

        University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China

      • 3.

        Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Energy Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology & Engineering, CAS, Ningbo 315201, China

      • 4.

        Zhejiang Energy Group R & D, Hangzhou 310003, China

      More Information
      • Yuheng Zeng：received his bachelor's and PhD degrees from Zhejiang University. He is a professor at Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology & Engineering (CAS). His research interests include crystalline silicon materials, silicon solar cells, and perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells. He has published more than 100 SCI papers
      • Zhenhai Yang：received his master and PhD degree from Soochow University and the University of Nottingham (Ningbo), respectively. His research interests include the advanced optical designs, photoelectric models/simulations, structure designs, carrier transport processes, and the related mechanisms for TOPCon and perovskite-based single/tandem solar cells
      • Jichun Ye：received his bachelor's and PhD degrees from University of Science and Technology of China and University of California Davis. He has more than 20 years of research and development experience in semiconductor devices, solar cells, and materials and has published more than 220 high-quality papers
      • Corresponding author: yuhengzeng@nimte.ac.cn; yangzhenhai@nimte.ac.cn; jichun.ye@nimte.ac.cn
      • Received Date: 2023-02-17
      • Revised Date: 2023-03-24
        • Available Online: 2023-05-24

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