Kangdi Guan received his master's degree in Electronic and Information Engineering at Anhui Normal University in 2023. Currently, he is pursuing further studies at Beijing Institute of Technology. His research focuses on flexible wearable electrochemical sensors and their applications in areas such as health monitoring.
Di Chen received her B.S. degree from Anhui Normal University (1999) and a Ph.D. degree from the University of Science and Technology of China (2005). Currently, she is a professor at the Beijing Institute of Technology, China. Her research interests focus on designing nano-structures for sustainable energy applications, including energy storage, solar cells, and photocatalysis.
Qilin Hua received his Ph.D. degree in Microelectronics at University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS) in 2016. Then, he worked in Tsinghua University (2016−2018) and Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems CAS (2018−2022). He is currently an associate professor at Beijing Institute of Technology, China. His research interests focus on flexible/stretchable electronics for neuromorphic sensory systems.
Guozhen Shen received his Ph.D. degree (2003) in Chemistry from University of Science and technology of China. He then conducted research in several countries, including Korea, Japan, US and China. Currently, he is a professor of School of Integrated Circuits and Electronics and director of Institute of Flexible Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology. His research focused on flexible electronics and printable electronics and their applications in healthcare monitoring, smart robots and related areas.
Fig. 1.
(Color online) A three-dimensional liquid diode for soft, integrated permeable electronics[16]. (a) Schematic of the integrated system-level sweat-permeable electronics, consisting of permeable electrodes, 3D-LD, and flexible circuit board. Blue arrow indicates the pathway of the sweat from the skin to the outlet. The exploded view illustrates the unidirectional sweat transport through the electrode, VLD, and HLD. (b) Cross-sectional representation of the 3D-LD, demonstrating unidirectional sweat transport from the skin–device interface to the outlet. (c) Design of serpentine interconnects to facilitate open channels above sweat pores. Scale bar, 0.5 mm. (d) Permeable electrode maintains stable conformal contact on the fingertip under perspiration conditions. Scale bar, 2 mm. (e) Mechanism of the unidirectional sweat transport in the VLD and photograph of the VLD in the sweat-wicking state. Scale bar, 5 mm. (f) Unidirectional sweat-transport mechanism in the HLD and scanning electron microscopy images of the supporting structure. Scale bar, 300 μm. (g) Comparison of PDMS membrane and 3D-LD in terms of gas and sweat permeability. Scale bars, 0.5 cm. (h) Adhesion strength between patches and skin at different time intervals during exercise. Points, mean; error bars, s.d.; n = 3 independent tests. (i) Water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) of the commercial ECG electrode, PDMS, VLD, and 3D-LD. Bar height, mean; error bars, s.d.; n = 5 independent samples. (j) ECG signals recorded from different electrodes before and after exercise. (k) Exploded-view illustrations of the skin-integrated devices featuring a detachable design, highlighting key layers. (l) Photographs of the permeable textile-integrated weather station. Scale bars, 5 cm ( ⅰ ), 2 cm ( ⅱ ).
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