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Recent progress on stability and applications of flexible perovskite photodetectors

Ying Hu1, §, Qianpeng Zhang1, §, , Junchao Han1, Xinxin Lian1, Hualiang Lv1, Yu Pei2, Siqing Shen2, Yongli Liang2, Hao Hu2, , Meng Chen2, , Xiaoliang Mo1, and Junhao Chu1

+ Author Affiliations

 Corresponding author: Qianpeng Zhang, zhang_qp@fudan.edu.cn; Hao Hu, hhu@ast.com.cn; Meng Chen, mchen@ast.com.cn; Xiaoliang Mo, xlmo@fudan.edu.cn

DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/24080019

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Abstract: Flexible photodetectors have garnered significant attention by virtue of their potential applications in environmental monitoring, wearable healthcare, imaging sensing, and portable optical communications. Perovskites stand out as particularly promising materials for photodetectors, offering exceptional optoelectronic properties, tunable band gaps, low-temperature solution processing, and notable mechanical flexibility. In this review, we explore the latest progress in flexible perovskite photodetectors, emphasizing the strategies developed for photoactive materials and device structures to enhance optoelectronic performance and stability. Additionally, we discuss typical applications of these devices and offer insights into future directions and potential applications.

Key words: perovskiteflexible photodetectorstabilityversatile applications



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Fig. 1.  (Color online) Overview of the current research on FPPDs. (a) Diagram of three kinds of device structures of FPPDs: (i) photoconductor, (ii) phototransistor, and (iii) photodiode. (b) Schematic diagram of the typical strategies for enhancing stability: (i) Mechanism of the self-healing process induced by additive. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [62]. Copyright 2021 Wiley-VCH. (ii) Stability and self-healing of composite fibrous-based photodetectors. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [67]. Copyright 2023 American Chemical Society. (iii) Rubrene protective layer. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [78]. Copyright 2023 Wiley-VCH. (c) Schematic diagram of typical applications: (i) Schematic diagram of the imaging process. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [82]. (ii) Schematic diagram of photoplethysmography test. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [92]. Copyright 2024 Wiley-VCH. (iii) Binary code conversion. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [98]. Copyright 2023 Wiley-VCH.

Fig. 2.  (Color online) Principles and structure of different photodetectors. Schematic diagram of (a) the photoconductive effect and (b) the photovoltaic effect.

Fig. 3.  (Color online) Additive engineering in FPPDs (a) XRD and TEM results of FASnI3 films. (b) Operative and bending stability of the device. (a) and (b) are reproduced with permission from Ref. [56]. Copyright 2023 Wiley-VCH. (c) Optical images of crack evolution in CsBi3I10 films. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [57]. Copyright 2024 American Chemical Society. (d) Mechanism of the self-healing process and responsivity change. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [62]. Copyright 2021 Wiley-VCH.

Fig. 4.  (Color online) FPPDs based on different crystal morphologies. (a) Schematic diagram of crystals growing process and the photodetector performance depending on different incident light angles. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [66]. Copyright 2024 Wiley-VCH. (b) Stability and self-healing of dry-transferred capacitive contact photodetectors. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [67]. Copyright 2023 American Chemical Society. (c) Schematic representations of the solution growth and I−t curves of the device in different bending angles. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [68]. Copyright (2020) American Chemical Society. (d) The highly ordered array of CsCu2I3 and the polarization sensitivity performance of CsCu2I3 nanowires photodetector. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [70]. Copyright 2023 Wiley-VCH.

Fig. 5.  (Color online) Structurally optimized FPPDs (a) SEM images and mechanical models of pristine SnO2 and S-PASP: SnO2. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [72]. Copyright (2023) American Chemical Society. (b) Schematic diagram of the fabrication process and electric field of different plasma structures for x (top) and y (bottom) polarized light. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [74]. (c) Device structure and stability of photodetector with Rubrene protection layer. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [78]. Copyright 2023 Wiley-VCH. (d) Schematic illustration and mechanical properties of the CsPbBr3 films with combined soft-hard structure. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [79].

Fig. 6.  (Color online) Optical imaging applications of FPPDs. (a) Schematic diagram of the imaging process and SEM image of the photodetector pixel array. (b) Image of the 514 nm laser beam shape. (a) and (b) are reproduced with permission from Ref [82]. (c) Photograph and simulated reconstruction spectrum of the miniaturized spectrometer. (d) Photograph and bending test of the flexible color cognition device. (c) and (d) are reproduced with permission from Ref. [85]. Copyright 2023 Wiley-VCH. (e) Optical photograph and schematic diagram of the imaging sensor. (f) 3D imaging result of a cube. (e) and (f) are reproduced with permission from Ref. [87]. Copyright 2023 Wiley-VCH.

Fig. 7.  (Color online) Health monitoring applications of FPPDs. (a) Photograph and round-the-clock UV monitoring of the wearable UV monitor wristband. (b) UV index measured under different light sources. (a) and (b) are reproduced with permission from Ref. [88]. Copyright 2022, Elsevier. (c) Photograph of curved photodetectors array attached on the hemisphere support and current variation of pixels with the flame close to the A5 pixel. (d) Current distribution of photodetectors array under single and multiple flame irradiation. (c) and (d) are reproduced with permission from Ref. [90]. Copyright 2023 Wiley-VCH. (e) Schematic diagram, photograph and heart rate results of photoplethysmography test of rigid (blue) and flexible (red) FASnI3- CNI photodetectors. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [92]. Copyright 2024 Wiley-VCH. (f) I−t curve tests and polar plot of normalized angle-resolved photocurrents of photodetectors. (g) Correspondence between optical signals and binary digits and binary code conversion. (f) and (g) are reproduced with permission from Ref. [98]. Copyright 2023 Wiley-VCH. (h) 3D histogram of normalized photocurrent of each photodetector under different incident angles. (i) Schematic diagram and photograph of the spatial imaging system. (h) and (i) are reproduced with permission from Ref. [99]. Copyright 2023 Wiley-VCH.

Table 1.   Summary of performance parameters and stability of flexible photodetectors.

Device Structure Ion/Ioff R (A/W) D* (Jones) E Response time Voltage
(V)
Respond
wavelength
Long-term stability
Flexible stability
(angle/radius, cycles)
Ref
PET/CH3NH3PbBr3/Au 200 5600 6.59 × 1011 τrise = 3.2 μs
τdecay = 9.2 μs
1 540 11 mm, 1000 cycles [69]
PET/MAPbI3-MAPbBr3/Au 2.1 × 105 233 6.98 × 1013 44 413% τrise = 3.9 ms
τdecay = 2.0 ms
0 650 95.8% after 115 d; 88.2% after 391 d 83.3%, 150°, 3000 cycles [43]
PEN/FAPbI3/PCBM/Au 11.32 9.4 × 1011 τrise = 61 ms
τdecay = 134 ms
5 650 > 90% after 8−9 h 75%, 180°, 1000 cycles [62]
PET/ITO/ZnO/CsPbBr3/Rubrene/Au 17 700 0.124 2.61 × 1013 τrise = 79.4 μs
τdecay = 207.6 μs
0 465 97% after drying 75°, 1000 cycles [67]
PET/ITO/PEDOT:PSS/(APP)PbI3/γ-CsPbI3/C60/BCP/Cu ~1012 2377% −0.6 532 95.2% for 1500 h >90%, 4.5 mm, 20 000 cycles [41]
ITO/PEDOT:PSS/FA0.8PEA0.2SnI3/
PCBM/BCP/Ag
0.262 2.3 × 1011 τrise = 27.7 μs
τdecay = 20.4 μs
0 NIR From 9.3 to 1.1 nA after continuous 13 500 test cycles for 7.5 h in air 2 mm, 10 000 cycles [56]
PET/(F-PEA)2PbI3/Au 1120 5.5 × 1017 20 405 3.5 mm, 1000 cycles [82]
PET/BA2MA2Pb3Br10/Au 3.7 × 103 0.92 1.02 × 1011 310% 3 410 98.2% over 100 cycles 92.3%, 10°, 5000 cycles [98]
PET/ITO/Cr/Au/(PMA)2FAPb2I7/
Au NPs/FACl
>5 × 103 4.7 6.3 × 1012 2 450 90% after more than 40 d 70°, 5000 cycles [81]
PET/ITO/PEDOT:PSS/FASnI3-CNI/PCBM/C60/PEN-Br/Ag ~105 0.37 9.1 × 1012 71.7% @600 nm τrise = 4.17 μs
τdecay = 3.91 μs
0 785 20 000 s [92]
PET/ITO/Au/SiO2/PEDOT:PSS/
(BA)2FAPb2I7-FACl/C8BTBT
2.3 3.2 × 1012 τrise = 9.74 μs
τdecay = 8.91 μs
2 405 88% after more than
1000 h
50°, 1000 cycles [97]
Au-Ti/MAPbI3-CNC/Ti-Au 0.23 42.2% τrise = 600 μs
τdecay = 709 μs
5 650 65% after 30 d 87%, 2 mm, 1000 cycles [58]
ITO/SnO2/MAPbCl3/PTAA/Au 0.063 τrise = 3.91 ms
τdecay = 4.55 ms
0 395 Unchanged after 500 h 80%, 7 mm, 2500 cycles [88]
PET/Au/SiO2/OTS/CsCu2I3 9.68 62 1.4 × 1011 τrise = 13 ms
τdecay = 19 ms
2 254 8 h 30°, 500 cycles [90]
ITO/CsPbBr3/PEDOT: PSS/PDMS 168.7 8.1 × 10-5 4.8 × 1011 τrise = 0.176 s
τdecay = 0.09 s
10 NIR 1000 cycles [93]
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    Received: 12 July 2024 Revised: 04 September 2024 Online: Accepted Manuscript: 19 September 2024Uncorrected proof: 21 September 2024

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      Ying Hu, Qianpeng Zhang, Junchao Han, Xinxin Lian, Hualiang Lv, Yu Pei, Siqing Shen, Yongli Liang, Hao Hu, Meng Chen, Xiaoliang Mo, Junhao Chu. Recent progress on stability and applications of flexible perovskite photodetectors[J]. Journal of Semiconductors, 2024, In Press. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/24080019 ****Y Hu, Q P Zhang, J C Han, X X Lian, H L Lv, Y Pei, S Q Shen, Y L Liang, H Hu, M Chen, X L Mo, and J H Chu, Recent progress on stability and applications of flexible perovskite photodetectors[J]. J. Semicond., 2024, accepted doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/24080019
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      Ying Hu, Qianpeng Zhang, Junchao Han, Xinxin Lian, Hualiang Lv, Yu Pei, Siqing Shen, Yongli Liang, Hao Hu, Meng Chen, Xiaoliang Mo, Junhao Chu. Recent progress on stability and applications of flexible perovskite photodetectors[J]. Journal of Semiconductors, 2024, In Press. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/24080019 ****
      Y Hu, Q P Zhang, J C Han, X X Lian, H L Lv, Y Pei, S Q Shen, Y L Liang, H Hu, M Chen, X L Mo, and J H Chu, Recent progress on stability and applications of flexible perovskite photodetectors[J]. J. Semicond., 2024, accepted doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/24080019

      Recent progress on stability and applications of flexible perovskite photodetectors

      DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/24080019
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      • Ying Hu got her BS from Fudan University in 2021 and now is pursuing a PhD degree in Fudan University. Her research interests focus on the development of perovskite optoelectronic devices
      • Qianpeng Zhang is an assistant professor at the Institute of Optoelectronics, Fudan University. He received his PhD from the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology in 2019, and worked initially as a research associate and then as a research assistant professor, for another four years. His current research interests extend to perovskite solar cells and the inspection of high-quality silicon wafers
      • Junchao Han is a Ph.D. candidate in Materials Science at the Department of Materials Science, Fudan University. He obtained his M.S. degree in Fudan University in 2022. Currently, he is mainly engaged in the preparation of high efficiency and stable solar cells based on vacuum deposition method
      • Xinxin Lian is a PhD candidate of Materials Science at the Department of Materials Science, Fudan University. She obtained her M.S. degree in Henan University of Science and Technology in 2021. She is currently focusing on the research of green MA-free wide-bandgap perovskite for efficient and stable tandem solar cells
      • Corresponding author: zhang_qp@fudan.edu.cnhhu@ast.com.cnmchen@ast.com.cnxlmo@fudan.edu.cn
      • Received Date: 2024-07-12
      • Revised Date: 2024-09-04
      • Available Online: 2024-09-19

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