Recent development of flexible perovskite solar cells and its potential applications to aerospace

Shaoqi Bian; Guangshu Xu; Shufang Zhang; Qi Jiang; Xiaoguang Ma; Jingbi You; Xinbo Chu

doi:10.1088/1674-4926/24090031

J. Semicond. > 2025, Volume 46 > Issue 5 > 051801

REVIEWS

Recent development of flexible perovskite solar cells and its potential applications to aerospace

Shaoqi Bian^{1, 2}, Guangshu Xu^3,, Shufang Zhang¹, Qi Jiang⁴, Xiaoguang Ma^1,, Jingbi You⁴ and Xinbo Chu^{1, 2,}

+ Author Affiliations

Corresponding author: Guangshu Xu, xgs45622136@163.com; Xiaoguang Ma, hsiaoguangma@ldu.edu.cn; Xinbo Chu, chuxinbo@semi.ac.cn

DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/24090031CSTR: 32376.14.1674-4926.24090031

Abstract: Due to advantages of high power-conversion efficiency (PCE), large power-to-weight ratio (PWR), low cost and solution processibility, flexible perovskite solar cells (f-PSCs) have attracted extensive attention in recent years. The PCE of f-PSCs has developed rapidly to over 25%, showing great application prospects in aerospace and wearable electronic devices. This review systematically sorts device structures and compositions of f-PSCs, summarizes various methods to improve its efficiency and stability recent years. In addition, the applications and potentials of f-PSCs in space vehicle and aircraft was discussed. At last, we prospect the key scientific and technological issues that need to be addressed for f-PSCs at current stage.

Key words: flexible perovskite solar cells, power-conversion efficiency, stability, aerospace application potential

References

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Fig. 1. (Color online) (a) n–i–p and (b) p–i–n structure of f-PSC device structure. (c) The power wight ratio of f-PSCs and other type of solar cells^[6].

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Fig. 2. (Color online) Power-conversion efficiency (PCE) development of f-PSCs in recent years.

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Fig. 3. (Color online) Improvements related to bending times and bending radius.

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Fig. 4. (Color online) (a) Schematic illustration of micro-strain relaxation caused by strong binding of MS special molecular structure to perovskite at grain boundaries. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [21], Copyright 2022, Elsevier. (b) Compositional distribution and strain modulation processes on plastic substrates with MZ. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [27], Copyright 2023, American Chemical Society. (c) Cross sectional SEM images of HCOONH₄ functionalized device after 4000-cyclebends and pristine device after 4000-cycle bending. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [20], Copyright 2022, Wiley. (d) Schematic diagram of released stress at interface by PenAAc treatment. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [15], Copyright 2022, Wiley. (e) Tensile force-displacement response curves based on SnO₂/PVK-C and i-PPETA/PVK-b-PPETA films. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [30], Copyright 2024, Wiley. (f) 20 000 bending cycles efficiency degradation of control and target devices. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [30], Copyright 2024, Wiley.

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Fig. 5. (Color online) (a) Long-term stability experiments on ferroelectric 2D perovskite and control devices 25 °C, RH 30% ± 5%. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [32], Copyright 2024, Wiley. (b) Stability testing of unpackaged control devices/target devices with 3AAH in ambient air. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [33], Copyright 2024, Wiley. (c) Thermal stability of PSCs based on SnCl₂ and SnSO₄-ETL at 85 °C. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [5], Copyright 2024 IEEE. (d) Structural formulae of AES and diagrams of perovskite films with and without AES. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [34], Copyright 2024, Wiley. (e) and (f) Aging efficiency decay curves of devices with FDCA and without FDCA under two conditions. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [35], Copyright 2024, Wiley. (g) Schematic representation of in-situ cross-linking of FB-TA for triple function interface optimization. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [37], Copyright 2024, Wiley.

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Fig. 7. (Color online) (a) High altitude balloons flight verification of different types solar cells by scientists at Hasselt University. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [54], Copyright 2018, Elsevier. (b) Schematic overview of solar cell test in MAPHEUS-8mission. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [55], Copyright 2020, Elsevier. (c) Flight tests of PSCs by Chinese scientists using a near-space balloon. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [56], Copyright 2023, Wiley. (d) Hongqiu-2 satellite with perovskite modules. Copyright People’s Daily. (e) Felix Lang's satellite conducting experiments with perovskite tandem solar cells. Copyright Electronic Engineering Album.

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Table 1. Summaries of f-PSCs studies in recent years including optimization strategies, efficiency and stability.

Years	Tapes	Enhancement strategy	PCE (%)	Bending conditions	Efficiency maintenance	Ref.
2022	p–i–n	PenAAc interface modification	23.6%	4 mm, 5000	91%	[15]
2021	n–i–p	3CBAI growth LD-PVSK	21%	5 mm, 20 000	80%	[19]
2023	p–i–n	HCOONH₄ pre-embedded additive	22.4%	7 mm, 4000	90%	[20]
2022	n–i–p	Methylamine succinate (MS) additive	22.5%	6 mm, 10 000	85%	[21]
2023	n–i–p	Dynamic self-healing crosslinking monomer TA-NI	23.8%	5 mm, 20 000	91%	[22]
2024	n–i–p	Self-healing ionic conductive elastomers	24.8%	5 mm, 10 000	91%	[24]
2024	n–i–p	ADP crosslinked elastomer	23.5%	5 mm, 8000	90%	[25]
2023	n–i–p	OETC in situ crosslinking	23.4%	5 mm, 5000	90%	[26]
2023	n–i–p	Cross-linker (MZ)	23.9%	5 mm, 10 000	92%	[27]
2024	n–i–p	Liquid crystal elastomer (LCE) buffer intermediate layer	22.8%	4 mm, 5400	88.4%	[28]
2022	n–i–p	HADI interface modification	22.4%	3 directions, 1000	90%	[29]
2024	n–i–p	Pentaerythritol triacrylate cross-linked molecules	24.9%	5 mm, 20 000	92%	[30]

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Table 2. Environmental and operational stability of flexible perovskite solar cells.

Years	Enhancement strategy	PCE	Conditions	Efficiency maintenance	Ref.
2021	CF₃PEAI-assisted for 2D perovskite layers	21.1%	Dry air, 880 h	86%	[31]
2023	Ferroelectric 2D material with 3-PyA	23%	25 °C, RH 30% ± 5%, 30 d	92%	[32]
2023	3AAH additive pre-built into the ETL	23.3%	25 °C, RH 30% ± 5%, 1000 h	82%	[33]
2021	Al(acac)₃ interfacial layer	20.87%	RH > 50%, 1000 h	80%	[42]
2024	Additive AES	20.1%	RH 25% ± 5%, 2280 h	97%	[34]
2024	FDCA multifunctional intermediate layer	24.53%	No package, in the air 500 h	90%	[35]
2024	Entinostat enhances interfacial binding	23.4%	AM4.5G, 750 h	90%	[36]
2024	Additive FB-TA	21.42%	RH 85%, 85 °C, 1120 h	80%	[37]
2024	Introduction of SnSO₄ tin precursor	25.09%	N₂, AM1.5G, 800 h	90%	[5]

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[1]	Verduci R, Romano V, Brunetti G, et al. Solar energy in space applications: Review and technology perspectives. Adv Energy Mater, 2022, 12, 2200125 doi: 10.1002/aenm.202200125
[2]	NREL. Best research-cell efficiency chart from the national renewable energy laboratory.
[3]	Hu Y Z, Niu T T, Liu Y H, et al. Flexible perovskite solar cells with high power-per-weight: Progress, application, and perspectives. ACS Energy Lett, 2021, 6, 2917 doi: 10.1021/acsenergylett.1c01193
[4]	Gao Y J, Huang K Q, Long C Y, et al. Flexible perovskite solar cells: From materials and device architectures to applications. ACS Energy Lett, 2022, 7, 1412 doi: 10.1021/acsenergylett.1c02768
[5]	Ren N Y, Tan L G, Li M H, et al. 25% - Efficiency flexible perovskite solar cells via controllable growth of SnO₂. iEnergy, 2024, 3, 39 doi: 10.23919/IEN.2024.0001
[6]	Kaltenbrunner M, Adam G, Głowacki E D, et al. Flexible high power-per-weight perovskite solar cells with chromium oxide-metal contacts for improved stability in air. Nat Mater, 2015, 14, 1032 doi: 10.1038/nmat4388
[7]	Docampo P, Ball J M, Darwich M, et al. Efficient organometal trihalide perovskite planar-heterojunction solar cells on flexible polymer substrates. Nat Commun, 2013, 4, 2761 doi: 10.1038/ncomms3761
[8]	You J B, Hong Z R, Yang Y, et al. Low-temperature solution-processed perovskite solar cells with high efficiency and flexibility. ACS Nano, 2014, 8, 1674 doi: 10.1021/nn406020d
[9]	Kim B J, Kim D H, Lee Y Y, et al. Highly efficient and bending durable perovskite solar cells: Toward a wearable power source. Energy Environ Sci, 2015, 8, 916 doi: 10.1039/C4EE02441A
[10]	Shin S S, Yang W S, Noh J H, et al. High-performance flexible perovskite solar cells exploiting Zn₂SnO₄ prepared in solution below 100 °C. Nat Commun, 2015, 6, 7410 doi: 10.1038/ncomms8410
[11]	Yoon J, Sung H, Lee G, et al. Superflexible, high-efficiency perovskite solar cells utilizing graphene electrodes: Towards future foldable power sources. Energy Environ Sci, 2017, 10, 337 doi: 10.1039/C6EE02650H
[12]	Chung J, Shin S S, Hwang K, et al. Record-efficiency flexible perovskite solar cell and module enabled by a porous-planar structure as an electron transport layer. Energy Environ Sci, 2020, 13, 4854 doi: 10.1039/D0EE02164D
[13]	Yang L K, Xiong Q, Li Y B, et al. Artemisinin-passivated mixed-cation perovskite films for durable flexible perovskite solar cells with over 21% efficiency. J Mater Chem A, 2021, 9, 1574 doi: 10.1039/D0TA10717D
[14]	Wu S F, Li Z, Zhang J, et al. Low-bandgap organic bulk-heterojunction enabled efficient and flexible perovskite solar cells. Adv Mater, 2021, 33, 2105539 doi: 10.1002/adma.202105539
[15]	Gao D P, Li B, Li Z, et al. Highly efficient flexible perovskite solar cells through pentylammonium acetate modification with certified efficiency of 23.35%. Adv Mater, 2023, 35, 2206387 doi: 10.1002/adma.202206387
[16]	Feng J S, Zhu X J, Yang Z, et al. Record efficiency stable flexible perovskite solar cell using effective additive assistant strategy. Adv Mater, 2018, 30, 1801418 doi: 10.1002/adma.201801418
[17]	Huang K Q, Peng Y Y, Gao Y X, et al. High-performance flexible perovskite solar cells via precise control of electron transport layer. Adv Energy Mater, 2019, 9, 1901419 doi: 10.1002/aenm.201901419
[18]	Wang Z, Lu Y L, Xu Z H, et al. An embedding 2D/3D heterostructure enables high-performance FA-alloyed flexible perovskite solar cells with efficiency over 20%. Adv Sci, 2021, 8, 2101856 doi: 10.1002/advs.202101856
[19]	Dong Q S, Chen M, Liu Y H, et al. Flexible perovskite solar cells with simultaneously improved efficiency, operational stability, and mechanical reliability. Joule, 2021, 5, 1587 doi: 10.1016/j.joule.2021.04.014
[20]	Zheng Z H, Li F M, Gong J, et al. Pre-buried additive for cross-layer modification in flexible perovskite solar cells with efficiency exceeding 22%. Adv Mater, 2022, 34, 2109879 doi: 10.1002/adma.202109879
[21]	Li M H, Zhou J J, Tan L G, et al. Multifunctional succinate additive for flexible perovskite solar cells with more than 23% power-conversion efficiency. Innovation (Camb), 2022, 3, 100310 doi: 10.1016/J.XINN.2022.100310
[22]	Chen Z Y, Cheng Q R, Chen H Y, et al. Perovskite grain-boundary manipulation using room-temperature dynamic self-healing "ligaments" for developing highly stable flexible perovskite solar cells with 23.8% efficiency. Adv Mater, 2023, 35, 2300513 doi: 10.1002/adma.202300513
[23]	Jiang N R. Research on high-efficiency and high-stability flexible trans-perovskite solar cells. PhD Dissertation, Jilin University of China, 2022 (In Chinese)
[24]	Xue T Y, Fan B J, Jiang K J, et al. Self-healing ion-conducting elastomer towards record efficient flexible perovskite solar cells with excellent recoverable mechanical stability. Energy Environ Sci, 2024, 17, 2621 doi: 10.1039/D4EE00462K
[25]	Wang Y H, Cao R K, Meng Y Y, et al. Mechanical robust and self-healing flexible perovskite solar cells with efficiency exceeding 23%. Sci China Chem, 2024, 67, 2670 doi: 10.1007/s11426-024-1954-8
[26]	Wu Y Y, Xu G Y, Xi J C, et al. In situ crosslinking-assisted perovskite grain growth for mechanically robust flexible perovskite solar cells with 23.4% efficiency. Joule, 2023, 7, 398 doi: 10.1016/j.joule.2022.12.013
[27]	Wu X X, Xu G Y, Yang F, et al. Realizing 23.9% flexible perovskite solar cells via alleviating the residual strain induced by delayed heat transfer. ACS Energy Lett, 2023, 8, 3750 doi: 10.1021/acsenergylett.3c01167
[28]	Ma Y B, You J X, Zhang L, et al. High thermal conductivity of liquid crystal elastomer for stress-less flexible perovskite solar cells. Adv Funct Mater, 2024, 34, 2405250 doi: 10.1002/adfm.202405250
[29]	Yang L, Feng J S, Liu Z K, et al. Record-efficiency flexible perovskite solar cells enabled by multifunctional organic ions interface passivation. Adv Mater, 2022, 34, 2201681 doi: 10.1002/adma.202201681
[30]	Wu Y Y, Xu G Y, Shen Y X, et al. Stereoscopic polymer network for developing mechanically robust flexible perovskite solar cells with an efficiency approaching 25%. Adv Mater, 2024, 36, 2403531 doi: 10.1002/adma.202403531
[31]	Long C Y, Huang K Q, Chang J H, et al. Creating a dual-functional 2D perovskite layer at the interface to enhance the performance of flexible perovskite solar cells. Small, 2021, 17, 2102368 doi: 10.1002/smll.202102368
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Received: 17 September 2024 Revised: 13 November 2024 Online: Accepted Manuscript: 24 December 2024Uncorrected proof: 18 February 2025Published: 15 May 2025

Article Navigation > Journal of Semiconductors > 2025 > 46(5): 051801

Shaoqi Bian, Guangshu Xu, Shufang Zhang, Qi Jiang, Xiaoguang Ma, Jingbi You, Xinbo Chu. Recent development of flexible perovskite solar cells and its potential applications to aerospace[J]. Journal of Semiconductors, 2025, 46(5): 051801. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/24090031 ****S Q Bian, G S Xu, S F Zhang, Q Jiang, X G Ma, J B You, and X B Chu, Recent development of flexible perovskite solar cells and its potential applications to aerospace[J]. J. Semicond., 2025, 46(5), 051801 doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/24090031

Citation:

S Q Bian, G S Xu, S F Zhang, Q Jiang, X G Ma, J B You, and X B Chu, Recent development of flexible perovskite solar cells and its potential applications to aerospace[J]. J. Semicond., 2025, 46(5), 051801 doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/24090031

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Recent development of flexible perovskite solar cells and its potential applications to aerospace

DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/24090031

CSTR: 32376.14.1674-4926.24090031

1.
School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China
2.
School of Integrated Circuits, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China
3.
School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China
4.
Semiconductor Physics Laboratory, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China

More Information

Shaoqi Bian got his BS from Ludong University in 2023. Now, he is a postgraduate of Ludong university under supervision of Prof. Xinbo Chu. His research focuses on inverted and flexible perovskite solar cells
Xinbo Chu received his doctoral degree from Institute of Semiconductors Chinese Academy of Sciences in 2015. He is currently a Professor of Ludong University. His research interests include halide perovskite material-based photon-electronic devices, as solar cell and photodetector
Corresponding author: xgs45622136@163.com; hsiaoguangma@ldu.edu.cn; chuxinbo@semi.ac.cn
Received Date: 2024-09-17
Revised Date: 2024-11-13

Available Online: 2024-12-24

Abstract

Abstract

Due to advantages of high power-conversion efficiency (PCE), large power-to-weight ratio (PWR), low cost and solution processibility, flexible perovskite solar cells (f-PSCs) have attracted extensive attention in recent years. The PCE of f-PSCs has developed rapidly to over 25%, showing great application prospects in aerospace and wearable electronic devices. This review systematically sorts device structures and compositions of f-PSCs, summarizes various methods to improve its efficiency and stability recent years. In addition, the applications and potentials of f-PSCs in space vehicle and aircraft was discussed. At last, we prospect the key scientific and technological issues that need to be addressed for f-PSCs at current stage.
- flexible perovskite solar cells,
- power-conversion efficiency,
- stability,
- aerospace application potential

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