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Recent development of flexible perovskite solar cells and its potential applications to aerospace

Shaoqi Bian1, 2, Guangshu Xu3, , Shufang Zhang1, Qi Jiang4, Xiaoguang Ma1, , Jingbi You4 and Xinbo Chu1, 2,

+ Author Affiliations

 Corresponding author: Guangshu Xu, xgs45622136@163.com; Xiaoguang Ma, hsiaoguangma@ldu.edu.cn; Xinbo Chu, chuxinbo@semi.ac.cn

DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/24090031CSTR: 32376.14.1674-4926.24090031

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Abstract: Due to advantages of high power-conversion efficiency (PCE), large power-to-weight ratio (PWR), low cost and solution processibility, flexible perovskite solar cells (f-PSCs) have attracted extensive attention in recent years. The PCE of f-PSCs has developed rapidly to over 25%, showing great application prospects in aerospace and wearable electronic devices. This review systematically sorts device structures and compositions of f-PSCs, summarizes various methods to improve its efficiency and stability recent years. In addition, the applications and potentials of f-PSCs in space vehicle and aircraft was discussed. At last, we prospect the key scientific and technological issues that need to be addressed for f-PSCs at current stage.

Key words: flexible perovskite solar cells, power-conversion efficiency, stability, aerospace application potential



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Fig. 1.  (Color online) (a) n–i–p and (b) p–i–n structure of f-PSC device structure. (c) The power wight ratio of f-PSCs and other type of solar cells[6].

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Fig. 2.  (Color online) Power-conversion efficiency (PCE) development of f-PSCs in recent years.

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Fig. 3.  (Color online) Improvements related to bending times and bending radius.

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Fig. 4.  (Color online) (a) Schematic illustration of micro-strain relaxation caused by strong binding of MS special molecular structure to perovskite at grain boundaries. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [21], Copyright 2022, Elsevier. (b) Compositional distribution and strain modulation processes on plastic substrates with MZ. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [27], Copyright 2023, American Chemical Society. (c) Cross sectional SEM images of HCOONH4 functionalized device after 4000-cyclebends and pristine device after 4000-cycle bending. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [20], Copyright 2022, Wiley. (d) Schematic diagram of released stress at interface by PenAAc treatment. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [15], Copyright 2022, Wiley. (e) Tensile force-displacement response curves based on SnO2/PVK-C and i-PPETA/PVK-b-PPETA films. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [30], Copyright 2024, Wiley. (f) 20 000 bending cycles efficiency degradation of control and target devices. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [30], Copyright 2024, Wiley.

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Fig. 5.  (Color online) (a) Schematic representation of in-situ cross-linking of FB-TA for triple function interface optimization. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [37], Copyright 2024, Wiley. (b) Long-term stability experiments on ferroelectric 2D perovskite and control devices 25 °C, RH 30% ± 5%. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [32], Copyright 2024, Wiley. (c) Stability testing of unpackaged control devices/target devices with 3AAH in ambient air. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [33], Copyright 2024, Wiley. (d) Thermal stability of PSCs based on SnCl2 and SnSO4-ETL at 85 °C. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [5], Copyright 2024 IEEE. (e) and (f) Aging efficiency decay curves of devices with FDCA and without FDCA under two conditions. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [35], Copyright 2024, Wiley. (g) Structural formulae of AES and diagrams of perovskite films with and without AES. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [34], Copyright 2024, Wiley.

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Fig. 6.  (Color online) Roll-to-roll process and monolithic interconnection and strip alignment process. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [43], Copyright 2024, Springer Nature.

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Fig. 7.  (Color online) (a) High altitude balloons flight verification of different types solar cells by scientists at Hasselt University. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [54], Copyright 2018, Elsevier. (b) Schematic overview of solar cell test in MAPHEUS-8mission. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [55], Copyright 2020, Elsevier. (c) Flight tests of PSCs by Chinese scientists using a near-space balloon. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [56], Copyright 2023, Wiley. (d) Hongqiu-2 satellite with perovskite modules. Copyright People’s Daily. (e) Felix Lang's satellite conducting experiments with perovskite tandem solar cells. Copyright Electronic Engineering Album.

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Table 1.   Summaries of f-PSCs studies in recent years including optimization strategies, efficiency and stability.

YearsTapesEnhancement strategyPCE (%)Bending conditionsEfficiency maintenanceRef.
2022p–i–nPenAAc interface modification23.6%4 mm, 500091%[15]
2021n–i–p3CBAI growth LD-PVSK21%5 mm, 20 00080%[19]
2023p–i–nHCOONH4 pre-embedded additive22.4%7 mm, 400090%[20]
2022n–i–pMethylamine succinate (MS) additive22.5%6 mm, 10 00085%[21]
2023n–i–pDynamic self-healing crosslinking monomer TA-NI23.8%5 mm, 20 00091%[22]
2024n–i–pSelf-healing ionic conductive elastomers24.8%5 mm, 10 00091%[24]
2024n–i–pADP crosslinked elastomer23.5%5 mm, 800090%[25]
2023n–i–pOETC in situ crosslinking23.4%5 mm, 500090%[26]
2023n–i–pCross-linker (MZ)23.9%5 mm, 10 00092%[27]
2024n–i–pLiquid crystal elastomer (LCE) buffer intermediate layer22.8%4 mm, 540088.4%[28]
2022n–i–pHADI interface modification22.4%3 directions, 100090%[29]
2024n–i–pPentaerythritol triacrylate cross-linked molecules24.9%5 mm, 20 00092%[30]
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Table 2.   Environmental and operational stability of flexible perovskite solar cells.

Years Enhancement strategy PCE Conditions Efficiency maintenance Ref.
2021 CF3PEAI-assisted for 2D perovskite layers 21.1% Dry air, 880 h 86% [31]
2023 Ferroelectric 2D material with 3-PyA 23% 25 °C, RH 30% ± 5%, 30 d 92% [32]
2023 3AAH additive pre-built into the ETL 23.3% 25 °C, RH 30% ± 5%, 1000 h 82% [33]
2021 Al(acac)3 interfacial layer 20.87% RH > 50%, 1000 h 80% [42]
2024 Additive AES 20.1% RH 25% ± 5%, 2280 h 97% [34]
2024 FDCA multifunctional intermediate layer 24.53% No package, in the air 500 h 90% [35]
2024 Entinostat enhances interfacial binding 23.4% AM4.5G, 750 h 90% [36]
2024 Additive FB-TA 21.42% RH 85%, 85 °C, 1120 h 80% [37]
2024 Introduction of SnSO4 tin precursor 25.09% N2, AM1.5G, 800 h 90% [5]
DownLoad: CSV
[1]
Verduci R, Romano V, Brunetti G, et al. Solar energy in space applications: Review and technology perspectives. Adv Energy Mater, 2022, 12, 2200125 doi: 10.1002/aenm.202200125
[2]
NREL. Best research-cell efficiency chart from the national renewable energy laboratory.
[3]
Hu Y Z, Niu T T, Liu Y H, et al. Flexible perovskite solar cells with high power-per-weight: Progress, application, and perspectives. ACS Energy Lett, 2021, 6, 2917 doi: 10.1021/acsenergylett.1c01193
[4]
Gao Y J, Huang K Q, Long C Y, et al. Flexible perovskite solar cells: From materials and device architectures to applications. ACS Energy Lett, 2022, 7, 1412 doi: 10.1021/acsenergylett.1c02768
[5]
Ren N Y, Tan L G, Li M H, et al. 25% - Efficiency flexible perovskite solar cells via controllable growth of SnO2. iEnergy, 2024, 3, 39 doi: 10.23919/IEN.2024.0001
[6]
Kaltenbrunner M, Adam G, Głowacki E D, et al. Flexible high power-per-weight perovskite solar cells with chromium oxide-metal contacts for improved stability in air. Nat Mater, 2015, 14, 1032 doi: 10.1038/nmat4388
[7]
Docampo P, Ball J M, Darwich M, et al. Efficient organometal trihalide perovskite planar-heterojunction solar cells on flexible polymer substrates. Nat Commun, 2013, 4, 2761 doi: 10.1038/ncomms3761
[8]
You J B, Hong Z R, Yang Y, et al. Low-temperature solution-processed perovskite solar cells with high efficiency and flexibility. ACS Nano, 2014, 8, 1674 doi: 10.1021/nn406020d
[9]
Kim B J, Kim D H, Lee Y Y, et al. Highly efficient and bending durable perovskite solar cells: Toward a wearable power source. Energy Environ Sci, 2015, 8, 916 doi: 10.1039/C4EE02441A
[10]
Shin S S, Yang W S, Noh J H, et al. High-performance flexible perovskite solar cells exploiting Zn2SnO4 prepared in solution below 100 °C. Nat Commun, 2015, 6, 7410 doi: 10.1038/ncomms8410
[11]
Yoon J, Sung H, Lee G, et al. Superflexible, high-efficiency perovskite solar cells utilizing graphene electrodes: Towards future foldable power sources. Energy Environ Sci, 2017, 10, 337 doi: 10.1039/C6EE02650H
[12]
Chung J, Shin S S, Hwang K, et al. Record-efficiency flexible perovskite solar cell and module enabled by a porous-planar structure as an electron transport layer. Energy Environ Sci, 2020, 13, 4854 doi: 10.1039/D0EE02164D
[13]
Yang L K, Xiong Q, Li Y B, et al. Artemisinin-passivated mixed-cation perovskite films for durable flexible perovskite solar cells with over 21% efficiency. J Mater Chem A, 2021, 9, 1574 doi: 10.1039/D0TA10717D
[14]
Wu S F, Li Z, Zhang J, et al. Low-bandgap organic bulk-heterojunction enabled efficient and flexible perovskite solar cells. Adv Mater, 2021, 33, 2105539 doi: 10.1002/adma.202105539
[15]
Gao D P, Li B, Li Z, et al. Highly efficient flexible perovskite solar cells through pentylammonium acetate modification with certified efficiency of 23.35%. Adv Mater, 2023, 35, 2206387 doi: 10.1002/adma.202206387
[16]
Feng J S, Zhu X J, Yang Z, et al. Record efficiency stable flexible perovskite solar cell using effective additive assistant strategy. Adv Mater, 2018, 30, 1801418 doi: 10.1002/adma.201801418
[17]
Huang K Q, Peng Y Y, Gao Y X, et al. High-performance flexible perovskite solar cells via precise control of electron transport layer. Adv Energy Mater, 2019, 9, 1901419 doi: 10.1002/aenm.201901419
[18]
Wang Z, Lu Y L, Xu Z H, et al. An embedding 2D/3D heterostructure enables high-performance FA-alloyed flexible perovskite solar cells with efficiency over 20%. Adv Sci, 2021, 8, 2101856 doi: 10.1002/advs.202101856
[19]
Dong Q S, Chen M, Liu Y H, et al. Flexible perovskite solar cells with simultaneously improved efficiency, operational stability, and mechanical reliability. Joule, 2021, 5, 1587 doi: 10.1016/j.joule.2021.04.014
[20]
Zheng Z H, Li F M, Gong J, et al. Pre-buried additive for cross-layer modification in flexible perovskite solar cells with efficiency exceeding 22%. Adv Mater, 2022, 34, 2109879 doi: 10.1002/adma.202109879
[21]
Li M H, Zhou J J, Tan L G, et al. Multifunctional succinate additive for flexible perovskite solar cells with more than 23% power-conversion efficiency. Innovation (Camb), 2022, 3, 100310 doi: 10.1016/J.XINN.2022.100310
[22]
Chen Z Y, Cheng Q R, Chen H Y, et al. Perovskite grain-boundary manipulation using room-temperature dynamic self-healing “ligaments” for developing highly stable flexible perovskite solar cells with 23.8% efficiency. Adv Mater, 2023, 35, 2300513 doi: 10.1002/adma.202300513
[23]
Jiang N R. Research on high-efficiency and high-stability flexible trans-perovskite solar cells. PhD Dissertation, Jilin University of China, 2022 (In Chinese)
[24]
Xue T Y, Fan B J, Jiang K J, et al. Self-healing ion-conducting elastomer towards record efficient flexible perovskite solar cells with excellent recoverable mechanical stability. Energy Environ Sci, 2024, 17, 2621 doi: 10.1039/D4EE00462K
[25]
Wang Y H, Cao R K, Meng Y Y, et al. Mechanical robust and self-healing flexible perovskite solar cells with efficiency exceeding 23%. Sci China Chem, 2024, 67, 2670 doi: 10.1007/s11426-024-1954-8
[26]
Wu Y Y, Xu G Y, Xi J C, et al. In situ crosslinking-assisted perovskite grain growth for mechanically robust flexible perovskite solar cells with 23.4% efficiency. Joule, 2023, 7, 398 doi: 10.1016/j.joule.2022.12.013
[27]
Wu X X, Xu G Y, Yang F, et al. Realizing 23.9% flexible perovskite solar cells via alleviating the residual strain induced by delayed heat transfer. ACS Energy Lett, 2023, 8, 3750 doi: 10.1021/acsenergylett.3c01167
[28]
Ma Y B, You J X, Zhang L, et al. High thermal conductivity of liquid crystal elastomer for stress-less flexible perovskite solar cells. Adv Funct Mater, 2024, 34, 2405250 doi: 10.1002/adfm.202405250
[29]
Yang L, Feng J S, Liu Z K, et al. Record-efficiency flexible perovskite solar cells enabled by multifunctional organic ions interface passivation. Adv Mater, 2022, 34, 2201681 doi: 10.1002/adma.202201681
[30]
Wu Y Y, Xu G Y, Shen Y X, et al. Stereoscopic polymer network for developing mechanically robust flexible perovskite solar cells with an efficiency approaching 25%. Adv Mater, 2024, 36, 2403531 doi: 10.1002/adma.202403531
[31]
Long C Y, Huang K Q, Chang J H, et al. Creating a dual-functional 2D perovskite layer at the interface to enhance the performance of flexible perovskite solar cells. Small, 2021, 17, 2102368 doi: 10.1002/smll.202102368
[32]
Han B, Wang Y H, Liu C, et al. Rational design of ferroelectric 2D perovskite for improving the efficiency of flexible perovskite solar cells over 23 %. Angew Chem Int Ed, 2023, 62, e202217526 doi: 10.1002/anie.202217526
[33]
Meng Y Y, Liu C, Cao R K, et al. Pre-buried ETL with bottom-up strategy toward flexible perovskite solar cells with efficiency over 23%. Adv Funct Mater, 2023, 33, 2214788 doi: 10.1002/adfm.202214788
[34]
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    Received: 17 September 2024 Revised: 13 November 2024 Online: Accepted Manuscript: 24 December 2024Uncorrected proof: 18 February 2025

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      Shaoqi Bian, Guangshu Xu, Shufang Zhang, Qi Jiang, Xiaoguang Ma, Jingbi You, Xinbo Chu. Recent development of flexible perovskite solar cells and its potential applications to aerospace[J]. Journal of Semiconductors, 2025, In Press. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/24090031 ****S Q Bian, G S Xu, S F Zhang, Q Jiang, X G Ma, J B You, and X B Chu, Recent development of flexible perovskite solar cells and its potential applications to aerospace[J]. J. Semicond., 2025, 46(5), 051801 doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/24090031
      Citation:
      Shaoqi Bian, Guangshu Xu, Shufang Zhang, Qi Jiang, Xiaoguang Ma, Jingbi You, Xinbo Chu. Recent development of flexible perovskite solar cells and its potential applications to aerospace[J]. Journal of Semiconductors, 2025, In Press. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/24090031 ****
      S Q Bian, G S Xu, S F Zhang, Q Jiang, X G Ma, J B You, and X B Chu, Recent development of flexible perovskite solar cells and its potential applications to aerospace[J]. J. Semicond., 2025, 46(5), 051801 doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/24090031
      shu

      Recent development of flexible perovskite solar cells and its potential applications to aerospace

      DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/24090031
      CSTR: 32376.14.1674-4926.24090031
      • 1.

        School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China

      • 2.

        School of Integrated Circuits, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China

      • 3.

        School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China

      • 4.

        Semiconductor Physics Laboratory, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China

      More Information
      • Shaoqi Bian got his BS from Ludong University in 2023. Now, he is a postgraduate of Ludong university under supervision of Prof. Xinbo Chu. His research focuses on inverted and flexible perovskite solar cells
      • Xinbo Chu received his doctoral degree from Institute of Semiconductors Chinese Academy of Sciences in 2015. He is currently a Professor of Ludong University. His research interests include halide perovskite material-based photon-electronic devices, as solar cell and photodetector
      • Corresponding author: xgs45622136@163.com; hsiaoguangma@ldu.edu.cn; chuxinbo@semi.ac.cn
      • Received Date: 2024-09-17
      • Revised Date: 2024-11-13
        • Available Online: 2024-12-24

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