Investigating the doping performance of an ionic dopant for organic semiconductors and thermoelectric applications

Jing Guo; Yaru Feng; Jinjun Zhang; Jing Zhang; Ping−An Chen; Huan Wei; Xincan Qiu; Yu Liu; Jiangnan Xia; Huajie Chen; Yugang Bai; Lang Jiang; Yuanyuan Hu

doi:10.1088/1674-4926/25010027

J. Semicond. > Just Accepted

ARTICLES

Investigating the doping performance of an ionic dopant for organic semiconductors and thermoelectric applications

Jing Guo^{1, 2}, Yaru Feng¹, Jinjun Zhang¹, Jing Zhang³, Ping−An Chen^{4, 5}, Huan Wei⁴, Xincan Qiu^{4, 6}, Yu Liu^{4, 6}, Jiangnan Xia⁴, Huajie Chen⁷, Yugang Bai⁸, Lang Jiang^9, and Yuanyuan Hu^2,

+ Author Affiliations

1. School of Physics and Information Engineering, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan 031000, China
2. Changsha Semiconductor Technology and Application Innovation Research Institute, College of Semiconductors (College of Integrated Circuits), Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
3. Research Institute of Materials Science, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Advanced Magnetic Materials and Devices, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan 031000, China
4. International Science and Technology Innovation Cooperation Base for Advanced Display Technologies of Hunan Province, School of Physics and Electronics, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
5. School of Electrical Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
6. Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for 3D Scene Visualization and Intelligence Education, School of Electronic Information, Hunan First Normal University, Changsha 410205, China
7. Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Applications of Ministry of Education College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China
8. State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
9. Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China

Author Bio:

Jing Guo is a lecturer at the School of Physics and Information Engineering, Shanxi Normal University, located in China. He obtained his Ph.D. from the School of Physics and Microelectronics Science, Hunan University in 2022. His current research focuses on electronic devices and applications based on organic semiconductors.

Lang Jiang is a Professor at Hebei University of Technology in China. Lang Jiang received his BS degree in Applied Physics from the School of Physics and Microelectronics Science, Hunan University in 2004 and his PhD degree from ICCAS in 2011. Then he became an Assistant Professor in ICCAS. He worked as a postdoctoral in Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge in2013. His current research focuses on molecular electronics including crystalline organic semiconductors and device engineering and their circuit applications.

Yuanyuan Hu is a professor at Hunan University in China. He received his BS from Nanjing University in 2008 and his PhD from the University of Cambridge in 2015. He was a postdoctoral fellow at the University of California, Santa Barbara between 2015 and 2017. His current research is on fabrication, characterization and mechanism studies of electronic and photonic devices based on solution-processable semiconductors.

Corresponding author: Lang Jiang, ljiang@iccas.ac.cn; Yuanyuan Hu, yhu@hnu.edu.cn

DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/25010027CSTR: 32376.14.1674-4926.25010027

Abstract: Doping plays a pivotal role in enhancing the performance of organic semiconductors (OSCs) for advanced optoelectronic and thermoelectric applications. In this study, we systematically investigated the doping performance and applicability of the ionic dopant 4−isopropyl−4′−methyldiphenyliodonium tetrakis(penta−fluorophenyl−borate) (DPI−TPFB) as a p−dopant for OSCs. Using the p−type OSC PBBT−2T as a model system, we demonstrated that DPI−TPFB shows significant doping effect, as confirmed by ESR spectra, UV−vis−NIR absorption, and work function analysis, and enhances the electronic conductivity of PBBT−2T films by over four orders of magnitude. Furthermore, DPI−TPFB exhibited broad doping applicability, effectively doping various p−type OSCs and even imparting p−type characteristics to the n−type OSC N2200, transforming its intrinsic n−type behavior into p−type. The application of DPI−TPFB−doped PBBT−2T films in organic thermoelectric devices (OTEs) was also explored, achieving a power factor of approximately 10 μW∙m⁻¹∙K⁻². These findings highlight the potential of DPI−TPFB as a versatile and efficient dopant for integration into organic optoelectronic and thermoelectric devices.

Key words: ionic dopant, doping, DPI-TPFB, organic semiconductor, organic thermoelectric devices

References

[1]	Chen P A, Guo J J, Yan X W, et al. A methodology of fabricating novel electrodes for semiconductor devices: Doping and van der waals integrating organic semiconductor films. Small, 2023, 19(27), e2207858 doi: 10.1002/smll.202207858
[2]	Simatos D, Nikolka M, Charmet J, et al. Electrolyte-gated organic field-effect transistors with high operational stability and lifetime in practical electrolytes. SmartMat, 2024, 5(6), e1291 doi: 10.1002/smm2.1291
[3]	Xie Y F, Ding C M, Jin Q Q, et al. Organic transistor-based integrated circuits for future smart life. SmartMat, 2024, 5(4), e1261
[4]	Zhang X, Zhao X T, Rao L M, et al. Solution-processed top-contact electrodes strategy for organic crystalline field-effect transistor arrays. Nano Res, 2022, 15(2), 858
[5]	Feng K, Yang W L , Jeong S Y, et al. Cyano‐functionalized fused bithiophene imide dimer-based n-type polymers for high-performance organic thermoelectrics. Adv Mater, 2023, 35(31), e2210847
[6]	Kim J, Ju D, Kim S, et al. Disorder-controlled efficient doping of conjugated polymers for high-performance organic thermoelectrics. Adv Funct Mater, 2024, 34(6), 2309156 doi: 10.1002/adfm.202309156
[7]	Zhao Y, Liu L Y, Zhang F J, et al. Advances in organic thermoelectric materials and devices for smart applications. SmartMat, 2021, 2(4), 426 doi: 10.1002/smm2.1034
[8]	Xiong S X, Fukuda K, Nakano K, et al. Waterproof and ultraflexible organic photovoltaics with improved interface adhesion. Nat Commun, 2024, 15(1), 681 doi: 10.1038/s41467-024-44878-z
[9]	Guan S T, Li Y K, Xu C, et al. Self-assembled interlayer enables high-performance organic photovoltaics with power conversion efficiency exceeding 20. Adv Mater, 2024, 36(25), e2400342 doi: 10.1002/adma.202400342
[10]	Song A, Huang Q R, Zhang C Y, et al. Highly efficient organic solar cells with improved stability enabled by ternary copolymers with antioxidant side chains. J Semicond, 2023, 44(8), 082202
[11]	Stavrou K, Franca L G, Danos A, et al. Key requirements for ultraefficient sensitization in hyperfluorescence Organic light-emitting diodes. Nat Photonics, 2024, 18, 554
[12]	Xing L J, Wang J H, Chen W C, et al. Highly efficient pure-blue organic light-emitting diodes based on rationally designed heterocyclic phenophosphazinine-containing emitters. Nat Commun, 2024, 15(1), 6175 doi: 10.1038/s41467-024-50370-5
[13]	Wan D R, Zhou J P, Meng G Y, et al. Peripheral carbazole units-decorated MR emitter containing B-N covalent bond for highly efficient green OLEDs with low roll-off. J Semicond, 2024, 45(8), 082402
[14]	Zhang J, Guo J, Zhang H T, et al. Solution-processed monolayer molecular crystals: From precise preparation to advanced applications. Precis Chem, 2024, 2(8), 380
[15]	Zhang J, Lu X Q, Sun Y N, et al. Case study of metal coordination to the charge transport and thermal stability of porphyrin-based field-effect transistors. ACS Mater Lett, 2022, 4(4), 548
[16]	Sun Y N, Shi X S, Yu Y M, et al. Low contact resistance organic single-crystal transistors with band-like transport based on 2, 6-bis-phenylethynyl-anthracene. Adv Sci, 2024, 11(22), e2400112 doi: 10.1002/advs.202400112
[17]	Wei H, Cheng Z H, Wu T, et al. Novel organic superbase dopants for ultraefficient N-doping of organic semiconductors. Adv Mater, 2023, 35(22), e2300084
[18]	Wei H, Chen P-A, Guo J, et al. Low-cost nucleophilic organic bases as n-dopants for organic field-effect transistors and thermoelectric devices. Adv Funct Mater, 2021, 31(30), 2102768 doi: 10.1002/adfm.202102768
[19]	He L Z, Zhang L, Yang J L, et al. A covalent organic polymer containing dative nitrogen→boron bonds: Preparation, single-crystal structure, and photoresponse/photocatalytic performance. Small Struct, 2024, 2400492
[20]	Wang L, Sun T R, Zhao X L, et al. Electrophilic-attack doped organic field-effect transistors for ultrasensitive and selective hydrogen sulfide detection. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2024, 16(49), 68103
[21]	Chen P A, Guo J, Wei H, et al. Achieving unipolar organic transistors for complementary circuits by selective usage of doped organic semiconductor film electrodes. Adv Funct Mater, 2025, 35(3), 2413880
[22]	Zhu X T, Luo X, Deng Y Z, et al. Doping bilayer hole-transport polymer strategy stabilizing solution-processed green quantum-dot light-emitting diodes. Sci Adv, 2024, 10(33), eado0614
[23]	Guo J, Chen P A, Yang S Z, et al. Dopant-induced morphology of organic semiconductors resulting in high doping performance. Small Methods, 2025, 9(1), 2400084
[24]	Guo J, Liu Y, Chen P A, et al. Revealing the electrophilic-attack doping mechanism for efficient and universal p-doping of organic semiconductors. Adv Sci, 2022, 9(32), e2203111
[25]	Guo J, Li G D, Reith H, et al. Doping high-mobility donor-acceptor copolymer semiconductors with an organic salt for high-performance thermoelectric materials. Adv Elect Mater, 2020, 6(3), 1900945
[26]	Hu Y Y, Rengert Z D, McDowell C, et al. Doping polymer semiconductors by organic salts: Toward high-performance solution-processed organic field-effect transistors. ACS Nano, 2018, 12(4), 3938
[27]	Ke Z F, Ahmed M H, Abtahi A, et al. Thermally activated aromatic ionic dopants (TA-AIDs) enabling stable doping, orthogonal processing and direct patterning. Adv Funct Mater, 2023, 33(8), 2211522
[28]	Zheng X P, Liu J, Liu T, et al. Photoactivated p-doping of organic interlayer enables efficient perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells. ACS Energy Lett, 2022, 7(6), 1987
[29]	Zhang H J, Hui W, Wang Z, et al. Ultraviolet-light induced H⁺ doping in polymer hole transport material for highly efficient perovskite solar cells. Mater Today Energy, 2022, 30, 101159 doi: 10.1016/j.mtener.2022.101159
[30]	Hu M M, Risqi A M, Wu J C, et al. Highly stable n–i–p structured formamidinium tin triiodide solar cells through the stabilization of surface Sn²⁺ cations. Adv Funct Mater, 2023, 33(29), 2300693 doi: 10.1002/adfm.202300693
[31]	Risqi A M, Hu M M, Chen L, et al. Highly stable and efficient N-I-P structured tin-rich lead-tin halide perovskite solar cells with blended hole-transporting materials. Adv Energy Mater, 2025, 15(8), 2403033 doi: 10.1002/aenm.202403033
[32]	Privitera A, Warren R, Londi G, et al. Electron spin as fingerprint for charge generation and transport in doped organic semiconductors. J Mater Chem C, 2021, 9(8), 2944 doi: 10.1039/D0TC06097F
[33]	Yee P Y, Tyler Scholes D, Schwartz B J, et al. Dopant-induced ordering of amorphous regions in regiorandom P3HT. J Phys Chem Lett, 2019, 10(17), 4929 doi: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b02070
[34]	Suh E H, Oh J G, Jung J, et al. Brønsted acid doping of P3HT with largely soluble tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane for highly conductive and stable organic thermoelectrics via one-step solution mixing. Adv Energy Mater, 2020, 10(47), 2002521 doi: 10.1002/aenm.202002521
[35]	Marqués P S, Londi G, Yurash B, et al. Understanding how lewis acids dope organic semiconductors: A “complex” story. Chem Sci, 2021, 12(20), 7012 doi: 10.1039/D1SC01268A
[36]	Tang J H, Ji J J, Chen R S, et al. Achieving efficient p-type organic thermoelectrics by modulation of acceptor unit in photovoltaic π-conjugated copolymers. Adv Sci, 2022, 9(4), 2103646 doi: 10.1002/advs.202103646
[37]	Chen C, Jacobs I E, Kang K, et al. Observation of weak counterion size dependence of thermoelectric transport in ion exchange doped conducting polymers across a wide range of conductivities. Adv Energy Mater, 2023, 13(9), 2202797 doi: 10.1002/aenm.202202797

Fig. 1. (Color online) Description of dopants and OSCs. The molecular structure of (a) dopant DPI−TPFB and (b) OSC PBBT−2T. The performance characterization of OFETs based on PBBT−2T: (c) transfer characteristics, and (d) output characteristics.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

Fig. 2. (Color online) Characterization of DPI−TPFB doping effect. (a) The UV−vis−NIR absorption spectra of doped PBBT−2T solutions at varying doping ratios (the molar ratio specifies the molar proportion of the dopant to the polymer monomer). (b) The polaron absorption peak intensities (at 1700 nm, i.e., 0.73 eV) of DPI−TPFB doped PBBT−2T solutions with increasing doping ratios. (c) The ESR spectra of DPI−TPFB doped PBBT−2T films. (d) The polaron generation efficiency of DPI−TPFB doped PBBT−2T films extracted from ESR spectra.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

Fig. 3. (Color online) Characterize the properties of doped PBBT−2T films. (a) The Schematic diagram of the device structure used for measuring the electrical conductivity of doped films by the four−point probe method. (b) The electrical conductivity of PBBT−2T films dependent on doping ratios. (c) The work function of PBBT−2T films dependent on the doping ratios. (d) The electrical conductivity of PBBT−2T films dependent on temperature.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

Fig. 4. (Color online) Characterize the morphology of PBBT−2T films. The AFM morphology of PBBT−2T films (the scanning range is 5 × 5 μm.): (a) pristine, (b) 10 mol%, (c) 30 mol%, (d) 50 mol%, (e) 70 mol%, and (f) 100 mol% DPI−TPFB−doped PBBT−2T films.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

Fig. 5. (Color online) Assessing the broad doping applicability of DPI−TPFB in OSCs. (a) The molecular structure of P3HT and N2200. (b) The ESR spectra of pristine P3HT and doped P3HT films doped by DPI−TPFB. (c) The electrical conductivity of P3HT films dependent on doping ratios. (d) The ESR spectra of pristine N2200 and doped N2200 films doped by DPI−TPFB. The transfer characteristics of OFETs with BGBC structure (as shown in the illustration) in the saturation region: (e) pristine N2200 and (f) N2200 films doped with DPI−TPFB.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

Fig. 6. (Color online) Characterization of thermoelectric performance of DPI−TPFB−doped PBBT−2T. (a) The schematic diagram of the structure of the thermoelectric device. (b) The thermoelectric potential difference of PBBT−2T films dependent on the temperature difference at different doping ratios. (c) The electrical conductivity, Seebeck coefficient, and power factor of DPI−TPFB−doped PBBT−2T films as a function of doping ratios. (d) The relationship between Seebeck coefficient and electrical conductivity for DPI−TPFB−doped PBBT−2T films.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

[1]	Chen P A, Guo J J, Yan X W, et al. A methodology of fabricating novel electrodes for semiconductor devices: Doping and van der waals integrating organic semiconductor films. Small, 2023, 19(27), e2207858 doi: 10.1002/smll.202207858
[2]	Simatos D, Nikolka M, Charmet J, et al. Electrolyte-gated organic field-effect transistors with high operational stability and lifetime in practical electrolytes. SmartMat, 2024, 5(6), e1291 doi: 10.1002/smm2.1291
[3]	Xie Y F, Ding C M, Jin Q Q, et al. Organic transistor-based integrated circuits for future smart life. SmartMat, 2024, 5(4), e1261
[4]	Zhang X, Zhao X T, Rao L M, et al. Solution-processed top-contact electrodes strategy for organic crystalline field-effect transistor arrays. Nano Res, 2022, 15(2), 858
[5]	Feng K, Yang W L , Jeong S Y, et al. Cyano‐functionalized fused bithiophene imide dimer-based n-type polymers for high-performance organic thermoelectrics. Adv Mater, 2023, 35(31), e2210847
[6]	Kim J, Ju D, Kim S, et al. Disorder-controlled efficient doping of conjugated polymers for high-performance organic thermoelectrics. Adv Funct Mater, 2024, 34(6), 2309156 doi: 10.1002/adfm.202309156
[7]	Zhao Y, Liu L Y, Zhang F J, et al. Advances in organic thermoelectric materials and devices for smart applications. SmartMat, 2021, 2(4), 426 doi: 10.1002/smm2.1034
[8]	Xiong S X, Fukuda K, Nakano K, et al. Waterproof and ultraflexible organic photovoltaics with improved interface adhesion. Nat Commun, 2024, 15(1), 681 doi: 10.1038/s41467-024-44878-z
[9]	Guan S T, Li Y K, Xu C, et al. Self-assembled interlayer enables high-performance organic photovoltaics with power conversion efficiency exceeding 20. Adv Mater, 2024, 36(25), e2400342 doi: 10.1002/adma.202400342
[10]	Song A, Huang Q R, Zhang C Y, et al. Highly efficient organic solar cells with improved stability enabled by ternary copolymers with antioxidant side chains. J Semicond, 2023, 44(8), 082202
[11]	Stavrou K, Franca L G, Danos A, et al. Key requirements for ultraefficient sensitization in hyperfluorescence Organic light-emitting diodes. Nat Photonics, 2024, 18, 554
[12]	Xing L J, Wang J H, Chen W C, et al. Highly efficient pure-blue organic light-emitting diodes based on rationally designed heterocyclic phenophosphazinine-containing emitters. Nat Commun, 2024, 15(1), 6175 doi: 10.1038/s41467-024-50370-5
[13]	Wan D R, Zhou J P, Meng G Y, et al. Peripheral carbazole units-decorated MR emitter containing B-N covalent bond for highly efficient green OLEDs with low roll-off. J Semicond, 2024, 45(8), 082402
[14]	Zhang J, Guo J, Zhang H T, et al. Solution-processed monolayer molecular crystals: From precise preparation to advanced applications. Precis Chem, 2024, 2(8), 380
[15]	Zhang J, Lu X Q, Sun Y N, et al. Case study of metal coordination to the charge transport and thermal stability of porphyrin-based field-effect transistors. ACS Mater Lett, 2022, 4(4), 548
[16]	Sun Y N, Shi X S, Yu Y M, et al. Low contact resistance organic single-crystal transistors with band-like transport based on 2, 6-bis-phenylethynyl-anthracene. Adv Sci, 2024, 11(22), e2400112 doi: 10.1002/advs.202400112
[17]	Wei H, Cheng Z H, Wu T, et al. Novel organic superbase dopants for ultraefficient N-doping of organic semiconductors. Adv Mater, 2023, 35(22), e2300084
[18]	Wei H, Chen P-A, Guo J, et al. Low-cost nucleophilic organic bases as n-dopants for organic field-effect transistors and thermoelectric devices. Adv Funct Mater, 2021, 31(30), 2102768 doi: 10.1002/adfm.202102768
[19]	He L Z, Zhang L, Yang J L, et al. A covalent organic polymer containing dative nitrogen→boron bonds: Preparation, single-crystal structure, and photoresponse/photocatalytic performance. Small Struct, 2024, 2400492
[20]	Wang L, Sun T R, Zhao X L, et al. Electrophilic-attack doped organic field-effect transistors for ultrasensitive and selective hydrogen sulfide detection. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2024, 16(49), 68103
[21]	Chen P A, Guo J, Wei H, et al. Achieving unipolar organic transistors for complementary circuits by selective usage of doped organic semiconductor film electrodes. Adv Funct Mater, 2025, 35(3), 2413880
[22]	Zhu X T, Luo X, Deng Y Z, et al. Doping bilayer hole-transport polymer strategy stabilizing solution-processed green quantum-dot light-emitting diodes. Sci Adv, 2024, 10(33), eado0614
[23]	Guo J, Chen P A, Yang S Z, et al. Dopant-induced morphology of organic semiconductors resulting in high doping performance. Small Methods, 2025, 9(1), 2400084
[24]	Guo J, Liu Y, Chen P A, et al. Revealing the electrophilic-attack doping mechanism for efficient and universal p-doping of organic semiconductors. Adv Sci, 2022, 9(32), e2203111
[25]	Guo J, Li G D, Reith H, et al. Doping high-mobility donor-acceptor copolymer semiconductors with an organic salt for high-performance thermoelectric materials. Adv Elect Mater, 2020, 6(3), 1900945
[26]	Hu Y Y, Rengert Z D, McDowell C, et al. Doping polymer semiconductors by organic salts: Toward high-performance solution-processed organic field-effect transistors. ACS Nano, 2018, 12(4), 3938
[27]	Ke Z F, Ahmed M H, Abtahi A, et al. Thermally activated aromatic ionic dopants (TA-AIDs) enabling stable doping, orthogonal processing and direct patterning. Adv Funct Mater, 2023, 33(8), 2211522
[28]	Zheng X P, Liu J, Liu T, et al. Photoactivated p-doping of organic interlayer enables efficient perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells. ACS Energy Lett, 2022, 7(6), 1987
[29]	Zhang H J, Hui W, Wang Z, et al. Ultraviolet-light induced H⁺ doping in polymer hole transport material for highly efficient perovskite solar cells. Mater Today Energy, 2022, 30, 101159 doi: 10.1016/j.mtener.2022.101159
[30]	Hu M M, Risqi A M, Wu J C, et al. Highly stable n–i–p structured formamidinium tin triiodide solar cells through the stabilization of surface Sn²⁺ cations. Adv Funct Mater, 2023, 33(29), 2300693 doi: 10.1002/adfm.202300693
[31]	Risqi A M, Hu M M, Chen L, et al. Highly stable and efficient N-I-P structured tin-rich lead-tin halide perovskite solar cells with blended hole-transporting materials. Adv Energy Mater, 2025, 15(8), 2403033 doi: 10.1002/aenm.202403033
[32]	Privitera A, Warren R, Londi G, et al. Electron spin as fingerprint for charge generation and transport in doped organic semiconductors. J Mater Chem C, 2021, 9(8), 2944 doi: 10.1039/D0TC06097F
[33]	Yee P Y, Tyler Scholes D, Schwartz B J, et al. Dopant-induced ordering of amorphous regions in regiorandom P3HT. J Phys Chem Lett, 2019, 10(17), 4929 doi: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b02070
[34]	Suh E H, Oh J G, Jung J, et al. Brønsted acid doping of P3HT with largely soluble tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane for highly conductive and stable organic thermoelectrics via one-step solution mixing. Adv Energy Mater, 2020, 10(47), 2002521 doi: 10.1002/aenm.202002521
[35]	Marqués P S, Londi G, Yurash B, et al. Understanding how lewis acids dope organic semiconductors: A “complex” story. Chem Sci, 2021, 12(20), 7012 doi: 10.1039/D1SC01268A
[36]	Tang J H, Ji J J, Chen R S, et al. Achieving efficient p-type organic thermoelectrics by modulation of acceptor unit in photovoltaic π-conjugated copolymers. Adv Sci, 2022, 9(4), 2103646 doi: 10.1002/advs.202103646
[37]	Chen C, Jacobs I E, Kang K, et al. Observation of weak counterion size dependence of thermoelectric transport in ion exchange doped conducting polymers across a wide range of conductivities. Adv Energy Mater, 2023, 13(9), 2202797 doi: 10.1002/aenm.202202797

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Received: 21 January 2025 Revised: 14 March 2025 Online: Uncorrected proof: 02 April 2025Accepted Manuscript: 02 April 2025

Article Navigation > Journal of Semiconductors > 2025 > Accepted Manuscript

Jing Guo, Yaru Feng, Jinjun Zhang, Jing Zhang, Ping−An Chen, Huan Wei, Xincan Qiu, Yu Liu, Jiangnan Xia, Huajie Chen, Yugang Bai, Lang Jiang, Yuanyuan Hu. Investigating the doping performance of an ionic dopant for organic semiconductors and thermoelectric applications[J]. Journal of Semiconductors, 2025, In Press. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/25010027 ****J Guo, Y R Feng, J J Zhang, J Zhang, P A Chen, H Wei, X C Qiu, Y Liu, J N Xia, H J Chen, Y G Bai, L Jiang, and Y Y Hu, Investigating the doping performance of an ionic dopant for organic semiconductors and thermoelectric applications[J]. J. Semicond., 2025, accepted doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/25010027

Citation:

J Guo, Y R Feng, J J Zhang, J Zhang, P A Chen, H Wei, X C Qiu, Y Liu, J N Xia, H J Chen, Y G Bai, L Jiang, and Y Y Hu, Investigating the doping performance of an ionic dopant for organic semiconductors and thermoelectric applications[J]. J. Semicond., 2025, accepted doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/25010027

Citation:

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Investigating the doping performance of an ionic dopant for organic semiconductors and thermoelectric applications

DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/25010027

CSTR: 32376.14.1674-4926.25010027

Jing Guo^{1, 2},
Yaru Feng¹,
Jinjun Zhang¹,
Jing Zhang³,
Ping−An Chen^{4, 5},
Huan Wei⁴,
Xincan Qiu^{4, 6},
Yu Liu^{4, 6},
Jiangnan Xia⁴,
Huajie Chen⁷,
Yugang Bai⁸,
Lang Jiang^9,,
Yuanyuan Hu^2,

1.
School of Physics and Information Engineering, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan 031000, China
2.
Changsha Semiconductor Technology and Application Innovation Research Institute, College of Semiconductors (College of Integrated Circuits), Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
3.
Research Institute of Materials Science, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Advanced Magnetic Materials and Devices, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan 031000, China
4.
International Science and Technology Innovation Cooperation Base for Advanced Display Technologies of Hunan Province, School of Physics and Electronics, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
5.
School of Electrical Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
6.
Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for 3D Scene Visualization and Intelligence Education, School of Electronic Information, Hunan First Normal University, Changsha 410205, China
7.
Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Applications of Ministry of Education College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China
8.
State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
9.
Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China

More Information

Jing Guo is a lecturer at the School of Physics and Information Engineering, Shanxi Normal University, located in China. He obtained his Ph.D. from the School of Physics and Microelectronics Science, Hunan University in 2022. His current research focuses on electronic devices and applications based on organic semiconductors
Lang Jiang is a Professor at Hebei University of Technology in China. Lang Jiang received his BS degree in Applied Physics from the School of Physics and Microelectronics Science, Hunan University in 2004 and his PhD degree from ICCAS in 2011. Then he became an Assistant Professor in ICCAS. He worked as a postdoctoral in Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge in2013. His current research focuses on molecular electronics including crystalline organic semiconductors and device engineering and their circuit applications
Yuanyuan Hu is a professor at Hunan University in China. He received his BS from Nanjing University in 2008 and his PhD from the University of Cambridge in 2015. He was a postdoctoral fellow at the University of California, Santa Barbara between 2015 and 2017. His current research is on fabrication, characterization and mechanism studies of electronic and photonic devices based on solution-processable semiconductors
Corresponding author: ljiang@iccas.ac.cn; yhu@hnu.edu.cn
Received Date: 2025-01-21
Revised Date: 2025-03-14

Available Online: 2025-04-02

Abstract

Abstract

Doping plays a pivotal role in enhancing the performance of organic semiconductors (OSCs) for advanced optoelectronic and thermoelectric applications. In this study, we systematically investigated the doping performance and applicability of the ionic dopant 4−isopropyl−4′−methyldiphenyliodonium tetrakis(penta−fluorophenyl−borate) (DPI−TPFB) as a p−dopant for OSCs. Using the p−type OSC PBBT−2T as a model system, we demonstrated that DPI−TPFB shows significant doping effect, as confirmed by ESR spectra, UV−vis−NIR absorption, and work function analysis, and enhances the electronic conductivity of PBBT−2T films by over four orders of magnitude. Furthermore, DPI−TPFB exhibited broad doping applicability, effectively doping various p−type OSCs and even imparting p−type characteristics to the n−type OSC N2200, transforming its intrinsic n−type behavior into p−type. The application of DPI−TPFB−doped PBBT−2T films in organic thermoelectric devices (OTEs) was also explored, achieving a power factor of approximately 10 μW∙m⁻¹∙K⁻². These findings highlight the potential of DPI−TPFB as a versatile and efficient dopant for integration into organic optoelectronic and thermoelectric devices.
- ionic dopant,
- doping,
- DPI-TPFB,
- organic semiconductor,
- organic thermoelectric devices

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