Self-assembled flexible Ti3C2Tx MXene-based thermally chargeable supercapacitor

Lifeng Wu; La Li; Guozhen Shen

doi:10.1088/1674-4926/25030009

J. Semicond. > Just Accepted

ARTICLES

Self-assembled flexible Ti₃C₂T_x MXene-based thermally chargeable supercapacitor

Lifeng Wu, La Li and Guozhen Shen

+ Author Affiliations

Corresponding author: La Li, lali@bit.edu.cn; Guozhen Shen, gzshen@bit.edu.cn

DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/25030009CSTR: 32376.14.1674-4926.25030009

Abstract: Thermally chargeable supercapacitors (TCSCs) have unique advantages in the collection, conversion, and storage of thermal energy, contributing to the development of new strategies for thermal energy utilization. 2D MXene materials are predicted to be highly promising new thermoelectric materials. Here, we report a self-assembled flexible Ti₃C₂T_x MXene-based TCSC device, using prepared Ti₃C₂T_x MXene as the capacitor electrode and a NaClO₄/PEO gel as the electrolyte. We also explore the working mechanism of the TCSCs. The fabricated Ti₃C₂T_x-based TCSCs exhibit an excellent Seebeck coefficient of 11.8 mV∙K⁻¹ on average and maintain good cycling stability under various temperature differences. Demonstrations of multiple practical applications show that Ti₃C₂T_x MXene-based TCSC devices are excellent candidates for self-powered integrated electronic devices.

Key words: Ti₃C₂T_x MXene, self-driven devices, soret effect, thermally chargeable devices.

References

[1]	Agnew D C. A global timekeeping problem postponed by global warming. Nature, 2024, 628(8007), 333
[2]	Yadav A, Samykano M, Pandey A K, et al. Thermal characterization of shape-stable phase change material for efficient thermal energy storage and electric to thermal energy conversion. J Energy Storage, 2024, 103, 114368 doi: 10.1016/j.est.2024.114368
[3]	Zeng Q X, Luo Y L, Zhang X F, et al. A bistable triboelectric nanogenerator for low-grade thermal energy harvesting and solar thermal energy conversion. Small, 2023, 19(34), e2301952 doi: 10.1002/smll.202301952
[4]	Fan S H. Thermal photonics and energy applications. Joule, 2017, 1(2), 264
[5]	Sifnaios I, Sneum D M, Jensen A R, et al. The impact of large-scale thermal energy storage in the energy system. Appl Energy, 2023, 349, 121663
[6]	Adams M, Buckley C E, Busch M, et al. Hydride-based thermal energy storage. Prog Energy, 2022, 4(3), 032008 doi: 10.1088/2516-1083/ac72ea
[7]	Saher S, Johnston S, Esther-Kelvin R, et al. Trimodal thermal energy storage material for renewable energy applications. Nature, 2024, 636(8043), 622 doi: 10.1038/s41586-024-08214-1
[8]	Christensen T B K, Lund H, Sorknæs P. The role of thermal energy storages in future smart energy systems. Energy, 2024, 313, 133948 doi: 10.1016/j.energy.2024.133948
[9]	Du Z J, Li L, Shen G Z. Proton-conducting hydrogel electrolytes with tight contact to binder-free MXene electrodes for high-performance thermally chargeable supercapacitor. Carbon Energy, 2024, 6(11), e562
[10]	Luo D, Liu Z R, Cao J, et al. Performance investigation and optimization of an L-type thermoelectric generator. Energy, 2024, 307, 132768
[11]	Miao L, Zhu S J, Liu C Y, et al. Comfortable wearable thermoelectric generator with high output power. Nat Commun, 2024, 15(1), 8516
[12]	Huo H L, Xuan Y M, Meng T T. Enhancing thermoelectric conversion efficiency of hydrogel-based supercapacitors by the three-dimensional ion channels hydration. J Energy Storage, 2024, 80, 110437
[13]	Chen Z M, Du Z J, Li L, et al. High seebeck coefficient thermally chargeable supercapacitor with synergistic effect of multichannel ionogel electrolyte and Ti₃C₂T_x MXene-based composite electrode. Energy Environ Mater, 2024, 7(6), e12756
[14]	He S J, Ren H L, Chen Y Y, et al. Full-device stretchable supercapacitors with superior thermal and self-healing stability based on recyclable polymeric eutectogels. J Energy Storage, 2023, 72, 108619
[15]	Han Z W, Cui J X, Wang J, et al. Ammonium-ion thermal charging supercapacitors for low-grade heat conversion and storage. Chem Eng J, 2024, 499, 156415
[16]	Snyder G J, Pereyra A, Gurunathan R. Effective mass from seebeck coefficient. Adv Funct Materials, 2022, 32(20), 2112772
[17]	Lou R, Bai L X, Zhang W, et al. Carbonized flowery carbon derived from lignin for efficient heat to current conversion of low-grade heat. Ind Crops Prod, 2023, 204, 117376
[18]	Du Z J, Liu W J, Liu J H, et al. A thermally chargeable supercapacitor based on the g-C₃N₄-doped PAMPS/PAA hydrogel solid electrolyte and 2D MOF@Ti₃C₂T_x MXene heterostructure composite electrode. Adv Materials Inter, 2023, 10(17), 2300266
[19]	Xu X H, Li L, Liu W J, et al. Thermally chargeable supercapacitor with 3D Ti₃C₂T_x MXene hollow sphere based freestanding electrodes. Adv Materials Inter, 2022, 9(24), 2201165
[20]	Jhon Y I, Koo J, Anasori B, et al. 2D materials: metallic MXene saturable absorber for femtosecond mode-locked lasers. Adv Mater, 2017, 29, 201770292
[21]	Zhang C J, Kremer M P, Seral-Ascaso A, et al. Microelectronics: Stamping of flexible, coplanar micro-supercapacitors using MXene inks. Adv Funct Materials, 2018, 28(9), 1870059
[22]	Gogotsi Y. The future of MXenes. Chem Mater, 2023, 35(21), 8767
[23]	Park T, Cho K, Kim S. Thin-film thermoelectric generators comprising molybdenum-based MXenes pn modules. Adv Mater Technol, 2021, 6(11), 2100590
[24]	Wang Z W, Chen M R, Cao Z N, et al. MXene nanosheet/organics superlattice for flexible thermoelectrics. ACS Appl Nano Mater, 2022, 5(11), 16872
[25]	Li L, Shen G Z. MXene based flexible photodetectors: Progress, challenges, and opportunities. Mater Horiz, 2023, 10(12), 5457
[26]	Hideshima S, Ogata Y, Takimoto D, et al. Vertically aligned MXene bioelectrode prepared by freeze-drying assisted electrophoretic deposition for sensitive electrochemical protein detection. Biosens Bioelectron, 2024, 250, 116036
[27]	Liu W J, Du Z J, Duan Z Y, et al. Neuroprosthetic contact lens enabled sensorimotor system for point-of-care monitoring and feedback of intraocular pressure. Nat Commun, 2024, 15(1), 5635
[28]	Shevchuk K, Sarycheva A, Shuck C E, et al. Raman spectroscopy characterization of 2D carbide and carbonitride MXenes. Chem Mater, 2023, 35(19), 8239
[29]	Han M K, Zhang D Z, Singh A, et al. Versatility of infrared properties of MXenes. Mater Today, 2023, 64, 31
[30]	Liu W J, Li L, Shen G Z. A Ti₃C₂T_x MXene cathode and redox-active electrolyte based flexible Zn-ion microsupercapacitor for integrated pressure sensing application. Nanoscale, 2023, 15(6), 2624
[31]	Rems E, Hu Y J, Gogotsi Y, et al. Pivotal role of surface terminations in MXene thermodynamic stability. Chem Mater, 2024, 36(20), 10295
[32]	Han M K, Zhang D Z, Shuck C E, et al. Electrochemically modulated interaction of MXenes with microwaves. Nat Nanotechnol, 2023, 18(4), 373
[33]	Mentor J J, Torres R, Hallinan D T. The Soret effect in dry polymer electrolyte. Mol Syst Des Eng, 2020, 5(4), 856
[34]	Zhang Z Y, Liu C H, Fan S S. Power generation by thermal evaporation based on a button supercapacitor. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2024, 16(8), 9980
[35]	Park K, Chang B Y, Hwang S. Correlation between tafel analysis and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy by prediction of amperometric response from EIS. ACS Omega, 2019, 4(21), 19307
[36]	Zeng Z H, Mei B A, Song G R, et al. Physical interpretation of the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) characteristics for diffusion-controlled intercalation and surface-redox charge storage behaviors. J Energy Storage, 2024, 102, 114021
[37]	Xu S D, Horta S, Lawal A, et al. Interfacial bonding enhances thermoelectric cooling in 3D-printed materials. Science, 2025, 387(6736), 845
[38]	Jia B H, Wu D, Xie L, et al. Pseudo-nanostructure and trapped-hole release induce high thermoelectric performance in PbTe. Science, 2024, 384(6691), 81
[39]	Cheng R, Ge H, Huang S, et al. Unraveling electronic origins for boosting thermoelectric performance of p-type (Bi, Sb)₂ Te₃. Sci Adv, 2024, 10, eadn9959
[40]	Tang Y X, Shu W J, Su B W, et al. Large effective mass and ultralow thermal conductivity lead to high thermoelectric performance in the high-entropy semiconductor MnGeAgBiTe₄. J Mater Chem A, 2024, 12(9), 5464
[41]	Kim S L, Hsu J H, Yu C. Intercalated graphene oxide for flexible and practically large thermoelectric voltage generation and simultaneous energy storage. Nano Energy, 2018, 48, 582
[42]	Sun Y, Xue J J, Li Z W, et al. Hierarchical porous carbon derived from elm bark mucus for efficient energy storage and conversion. Mater Chem Phys, 2022, 277, 125450
[43]	Hu Q M, Li H, Chen X L, et al. Strong tough ionic organohydrogels with negative-thermopower via the synergy of coordination interaction and hofmeister effect. Adv Funct Materials, 2024, 34(46), 2406968
[44]	Li J, Chen S Y, Wu Z T, et al. Bacterial cellulose hydrogel-based wearable thermo-electrochemical cells for continuous body heat harvest. Nano Energy, 2023, 112, 108482
[45]	Li L, Liu W J, Jiang K, et al. In-situ annealed Ti₃C₂T_x MXene based all-solid-state flexible Zn-ion hybrid micro supercapacitor array with enhanced stability. Nano Micro Lett, 2021, 13(1), 100

Fig. 1. (Color online) (a) SEM image of the prepared Ti₃C₂T_x MXene. (b) TEM image of the prepared Ti₃C₂T_x MXene. (c-g) The elemental mapping images obtained from SEM image showing the dispersion of Ti, C, O, and F elements in the prepared Ti₃C₂T_x MXene.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

Fig. 2. (Color online) (a) Schematic illustration of the mechanism of the Seebeck effect in the Ti₃C₂T_x-based TCSC devices. (b) Schematic illustration of the working mechanism of the Ti₃C₂T_x-based TCSC devices driven by a temperature gradient.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

Fig. 3. (Color online) (a) CV curves of the Ti₃C₂T_x-based TCSC devices at different scan rates varying from 10-1000 mV/s, ΔT = 0 °C. (b) CV curves of the Ti₃C₂T_x-based TCSC devices at different scan rates varying from 10-1000 mV/s, ΔT = 6.8 °C. (c) Compared CV curves of theTi₃C₂T_x-based TCSC devices with ΔT = 0 °C and ΔT=6.8 °C. (d) Variation of specific capacitance with the scan rate (10 to 100 mV/s) under none temperature difference or ΔT = 6.8 °C between two electrodes. (e) Discharge curves of the Ti₃C₂T_x-based TCSC devices under none temperature difference or ΔT = 6.8 °C between two electrodes. (f) Nyquist plots of the Ti₃C₂T_x-based TCSC devices under none temperature difference and ΔT = 6.8 °C between two electrodes.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

Fig. 4. (Color online) (a) CV curves of the Ti₃C₂T_x-based TCSC devices under different temperature differences (ΔT = 4.3 °C, 6.8 °C, 9.4 °C, 14.4 °C and 18 °C). (b) Nyquist plots of the Ti₃C₂T_x-based TCSC devices under different temperature differences (ΔT = 0 °C, 2.4 °C, 4.3 °C, 6.8 °C, and 9.4 °C). (c) The voltage output of the Ti₃C₂T_x-based TCSC devices under a load resistance of 100 KΩ at ΔT = 6.8°C. (d) Charging/discharging cycles of the Ti₃C₂T_x-based TCSC devices when applied periodic ΔT of 4.3 °C, 6.8 °C, 9.4 °C, 14.4 °C and 18 °C. (e) The Seebeck coefficient under different temperature differences.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

Table 1. Comparison of Seebeck coefficients for recently reported electronic and ionic materials

Thermoelectric material	Type	ΔT	Seebeck coefficient	Reference
75%Bi_0.5Sb_1.5Te₃ - 10%Bi - 15%Sb₂Te₄	Electronic	120 K	258 μV∙K⁻¹	37
Pb_0.97Na_0.03Te - 2%MgTe - 0.75%GeTe	Electronic	600 K	286 μV∙K⁻¹	38
p-type (Bi, Sb)₂Te₃	Electronic	375 K	232 μV∙K⁻¹	39
(MnTe)_0.5(AgBiTe₂)_0.5	Electronic	545 K	258 μV∙K⁻¹	40
SGO	Ionic	10.5 K	9 mV∙K⁻¹	41
Hierarchical porous carbon	Ionic	11.1 K	1.97 mV∙K⁻¹	42
PVPy30 - 1.5	Ionic	58.5 K	3.69 mV∙K⁻¹	43
BC	Ionic	45 K	1.52 mV∙K⁻¹	44
Ti₃C₂T_x MXene	Ionic	9.4 K	11.8 mV∙K⁻¹	This work

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[1]	Agnew D C. A global timekeeping problem postponed by global warming. Nature, 2024, 628(8007), 333
[2]	Yadav A, Samykano M, Pandey A K, et al. Thermal characterization of shape-stable phase change material for efficient thermal energy storage and electric to thermal energy conversion. J Energy Storage, 2024, 103, 114368 doi: 10.1016/j.est.2024.114368
[3]	Zeng Q X, Luo Y L, Zhang X F, et al. A bistable triboelectric nanogenerator for low-grade thermal energy harvesting and solar thermal energy conversion. Small, 2023, 19(34), e2301952 doi: 10.1002/smll.202301952
[4]	Fan S H. Thermal photonics and energy applications. Joule, 2017, 1(2), 264
[5]	Sifnaios I, Sneum D M, Jensen A R, et al. The impact of large-scale thermal energy storage in the energy system. Appl Energy, 2023, 349, 121663
[6]	Adams M, Buckley C E, Busch M, et al. Hydride-based thermal energy storage. Prog Energy, 2022, 4(3), 032008 doi: 10.1088/2516-1083/ac72ea
[7]	Saher S, Johnston S, Esther-Kelvin R, et al. Trimodal thermal energy storage material for renewable energy applications. Nature, 2024, 636(8043), 622 doi: 10.1038/s41586-024-08214-1
[8]	Christensen T B K, Lund H, Sorknæs P. The role of thermal energy storages in future smart energy systems. Energy, 2024, 313, 133948 doi: 10.1016/j.energy.2024.133948
[9]	Du Z J, Li L, Shen G Z. Proton-conducting hydrogel electrolytes with tight contact to binder-free MXene electrodes for high-performance thermally chargeable supercapacitor. Carbon Energy, 2024, 6(11), e562
[10]	Luo D, Liu Z R, Cao J, et al. Performance investigation and optimization of an L-type thermoelectric generator. Energy, 2024, 307, 132768
[11]	Miao L, Zhu S J, Liu C Y, et al. Comfortable wearable thermoelectric generator with high output power. Nat Commun, 2024, 15(1), 8516
[12]	Huo H L, Xuan Y M, Meng T T. Enhancing thermoelectric conversion efficiency of hydrogel-based supercapacitors by the three-dimensional ion channels hydration. J Energy Storage, 2024, 80, 110437
[13]	Chen Z M, Du Z J, Li L, et al. High seebeck coefficient thermally chargeable supercapacitor with synergistic effect of multichannel ionogel electrolyte and Ti₃C₂T_x MXene-based composite electrode. Energy Environ Mater, 2024, 7(6), e12756
[14]	He S J, Ren H L, Chen Y Y, et al. Full-device stretchable supercapacitors with superior thermal and self-healing stability based on recyclable polymeric eutectogels. J Energy Storage, 2023, 72, 108619
[15]	Han Z W, Cui J X, Wang J, et al. Ammonium-ion thermal charging supercapacitors for low-grade heat conversion and storage. Chem Eng J, 2024, 499, 156415
[16]	Snyder G J, Pereyra A, Gurunathan R. Effective mass from seebeck coefficient. Adv Funct Materials, 2022, 32(20), 2112772
[17]	Lou R, Bai L X, Zhang W, et al. Carbonized flowery carbon derived from lignin for efficient heat to current conversion of low-grade heat. Ind Crops Prod, 2023, 204, 117376
[18]	Du Z J, Liu W J, Liu J H, et al. A thermally chargeable supercapacitor based on the g-C₃N₄-doped PAMPS/PAA hydrogel solid electrolyte and 2D MOF@Ti₃C₂T_x MXene heterostructure composite electrode. Adv Materials Inter, 2023, 10(17), 2300266
[19]	Xu X H, Li L, Liu W J, et al. Thermally chargeable supercapacitor with 3D Ti₃C₂T_x MXene hollow sphere based freestanding electrodes. Adv Materials Inter, 2022, 9(24), 2201165
[20]	Jhon Y I, Koo J, Anasori B, et al. 2D materials: metallic MXene saturable absorber for femtosecond mode-locked lasers. Adv Mater, 2017, 29, 201770292
[21]	Zhang C J, Kremer M P, Seral-Ascaso A, et al. Microelectronics: Stamping of flexible, coplanar micro-supercapacitors using MXene inks. Adv Funct Materials, 2018, 28(9), 1870059
[22]	Gogotsi Y. The future of MXenes. Chem Mater, 2023, 35(21), 8767
[23]	Park T, Cho K, Kim S. Thin-film thermoelectric generators comprising molybdenum-based MXenes pn modules. Adv Mater Technol, 2021, 6(11), 2100590
[24]	Wang Z W, Chen M R, Cao Z N, et al. MXene nanosheet/organics superlattice for flexible thermoelectrics. ACS Appl Nano Mater, 2022, 5(11), 16872
[25]	Li L, Shen G Z. MXene based flexible photodetectors: Progress, challenges, and opportunities. Mater Horiz, 2023, 10(12), 5457
[26]	Hideshima S, Ogata Y, Takimoto D, et al. Vertically aligned MXene bioelectrode prepared by freeze-drying assisted electrophoretic deposition for sensitive electrochemical protein detection. Biosens Bioelectron, 2024, 250, 116036
[27]	Liu W J, Du Z J, Duan Z Y, et al. Neuroprosthetic contact lens enabled sensorimotor system for point-of-care monitoring and feedback of intraocular pressure. Nat Commun, 2024, 15(1), 5635
[28]	Shevchuk K, Sarycheva A, Shuck C E, et al. Raman spectroscopy characterization of 2D carbide and carbonitride MXenes. Chem Mater, 2023, 35(19), 8239
[29]	Han M K, Zhang D Z, Singh A, et al. Versatility of infrared properties of MXenes. Mater Today, 2023, 64, 31
[30]	Liu W J, Li L, Shen G Z. A Ti₃C₂T_x MXene cathode and redox-active electrolyte based flexible Zn-ion microsupercapacitor for integrated pressure sensing application. Nanoscale, 2023, 15(6), 2624
[31]	Rems E, Hu Y J, Gogotsi Y, et al. Pivotal role of surface terminations in MXene thermodynamic stability. Chem Mater, 2024, 36(20), 10295
[32]	Han M K, Zhang D Z, Shuck C E, et al. Electrochemically modulated interaction of MXenes with microwaves. Nat Nanotechnol, 2023, 18(4), 373
[33]	Mentor J J, Torres R, Hallinan D T. The Soret effect in dry polymer electrolyte. Mol Syst Des Eng, 2020, 5(4), 856
[34]	Zhang Z Y, Liu C H, Fan S S. Power generation by thermal evaporation based on a button supercapacitor. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2024, 16(8), 9980
[35]	Park K, Chang B Y, Hwang S. Correlation between tafel analysis and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy by prediction of amperometric response from EIS. ACS Omega, 2019, 4(21), 19307
[36]	Zeng Z H, Mei B A, Song G R, et al. Physical interpretation of the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) characteristics for diffusion-controlled intercalation and surface-redox charge storage behaviors. J Energy Storage, 2024, 102, 114021
[37]	Xu S D, Horta S, Lawal A, et al. Interfacial bonding enhances thermoelectric cooling in 3D-printed materials. Science, 2025, 387(6736), 845
[38]	Jia B H, Wu D, Xie L, et al. Pseudo-nanostructure and trapped-hole release induce high thermoelectric performance in PbTe. Science, 2024, 384(6691), 81
[39]	Cheng R, Ge H, Huang S, et al. Unraveling electronic origins for boosting thermoelectric performance of p-type (Bi, Sb)₂ Te₃. Sci Adv, 2024, 10, eadn9959
[40]	Tang Y X, Shu W J, Su B W, et al. Large effective mass and ultralow thermal conductivity lead to high thermoelectric performance in the high-entropy semiconductor MnGeAgBiTe₄. J Mater Chem A, 2024, 12(9), 5464
[41]	Kim S L, Hsu J H, Yu C. Intercalated graphene oxide for flexible and practically large thermoelectric voltage generation and simultaneous energy storage. Nano Energy, 2018, 48, 582
[42]	Sun Y, Xue J J, Li Z W, et al. Hierarchical porous carbon derived from elm bark mucus for efficient energy storage and conversion. Mater Chem Phys, 2022, 277, 125450
[43]	Hu Q M, Li H, Chen X L, et al. Strong tough ionic organohydrogels with negative-thermopower via the synergy of coordination interaction and hofmeister effect. Adv Funct Materials, 2024, 34(46), 2406968
[44]	Li J, Chen S Y, Wu Z T, et al. Bacterial cellulose hydrogel-based wearable thermo-electrochemical cells for continuous body heat harvest. Nano Energy, 2023, 112, 108482
[45]	Li L, Liu W J, Jiang K, et al. In-situ annealed Ti₃C₂T_x MXene based all-solid-state flexible Zn-ion hybrid micro supercapacitor array with enhanced stability. Nano Micro Lett, 2021, 13(1), 100

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Received: 07 March 2025 Revised: 20 March 2025 Online: Accepted Manuscript: 02 April 2025

Article Navigation > Journal of Semiconductors > 2025 > Accepted Manuscript

Lifeng Wu, La Li, Guozhen Shen. Self-assembled flexible Ti3C2Tx MXene-based thermally chargeable supercapacitor[J]. Journal of Semiconductors, 2025, In Press. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/25030009 ****L F Wu, L Li, and G Z Shen, Self-assembled flexible Ti3C2Tx MXene-based thermally chargeable supercapacitor[J]. J. Semicond., 2025, accepted doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/25030009

Citation:

Lifeng Wu, La Li, Guozhen Shen. Self-assembled flexible Ti₃C₂T_x MXene-based thermally chargeable supercapacitor[J]. Journal of Semiconductors, 2025, In Press. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/25030009 ****

L F Wu, L Li, and G Z Shen, Self-assembled flexible Ti₃C₂T_x MXene-based thermally chargeable supercapacitor[J]. J. Semicond., 2025, accepted doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/25030009

Citation:

L F Wu, L Li, and G Z Shen, Self-assembled flexible Ti₃C₂T_x MXene-based thermally chargeable supercapacitor[J]. J. Semicond., 2025, accepted doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/25030009

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Self-assembled flexible Ti₃C₂T_x MXene-based thermally chargeable supercapacitor

DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/25030009

CSTR: 32376.14.1674-4926.25030009

School of Integrated Circuits and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China

More Information

Lifeng Wu is a grade 2021 undergraduate student at the school of integrated circuits and electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, China. His research interests mainly focus on 2D MXene based flexible electronics and eye-wearable electronics
La Li received her Ph.D. degree in applied physics at Jilin University in 2018. She is currently an associate professor at the school of integrated circuits and electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, China. Her research interests mainly focus on 2D MXene based flexible electronics and eye-wearable electronics
Guozhen Shen, received his PhD degree in Chemistry from the University of Science and Technology of China. He is currently a professor at the School of Integrated Circuits and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology (BIT), and the director of the Institute of Flexible Electronics and Intelligent Manufacturing. Before joining BIT, he worked at Hanyang University (Korea), National Institute for Materials Science (Japan), University of Southern California (US), and Huazhong University of Science and Technology (China), the Institute of Semiconductors, CAS (China). His current research focuses on flexible electronic devices for artificial intelligence and healthcare monitoring
Corresponding author: lali@bit.edu.cn; gzshen@bit.edu.cn
Received Date: 2025-03-07
Revised Date: 2025-03-20

Available Online: 2025-04-02

Abstract

Abstract

Thermally chargeable supercapacitors (TCSCs) have unique advantages in the collection, conversion, and storage of thermal energy, contributing to the development of new strategies for thermal energy utilization. 2D MXene materials are predicted to be highly promising new thermoelectric materials. Here, we report a self-assembled flexible Ti₃C₂T_x MXene-based TCSC device, using prepared Ti₃C₂T_x MXene as the capacitor electrode and a NaClO₄/PEO gel as the electrolyte. We also explore the working mechanism of the TCSCs. The fabricated Ti₃C₂T_x-based TCSCs exhibit an excellent Seebeck coefficient of 11.8 mV∙K⁻¹ on average and maintain good cycling stability under various temperature differences. Demonstrations of multiple practical applications show that Ti₃C₂T_x MXene-based TCSC devices are excellent candidates for self-powered integrated electronic devices.
- Ti₃C₂T_x MXene,
- self-driven devices,
- soret effect,
- thermally chargeable devices.

Supplementary materials to this article can be found online at https://doi.org/10.1088/1674-4926/25030009.

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