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Harnessing Eu/Ce-codoped ZnO nanomaterial derived from MOF precursor for high-performance n-butanol sensing under UV activation at ambient temperature

Yinzhong Liu1, §, Xuechun Yang2, §, Yun Guo1, , Lingchao Wang1, Xiaofan Li1, Hui Guo1, Yiyu Qiao1, Xiaotao Zhu1, Lingli Cheng2 and Zheng Jiao2,

+ Author Affiliations

 Corresponding author: Yun Guo, guoyun@shu.edu.cn; Zheng Jiao, zjiao@shu.edu.cn

DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/25070023CSTR: 10.1088/1674-4926/25070023

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Abstract: Prolonged exposure to n-butanol, a common hazardous volatile organic compound (VOC) in the environment, can lead to a broad range of adverse health effects. Therefore, detecting n-butanol safely and efficiently at low concentrations becomes critical for both environmental monitoring and human health. In this study, a novel Eu/Ce-codoped MOF-ZnO gas sensor was developed for the sensitive detection of n-butanol gas under ultraviolet activation at ambient temperature. A series of Eu/Ce-ZnO nanomaterials were synthesized via a simple co-precipitation route, by carefully designing the varied mass ratios of Eu and Ce incorporated into pristine ZnO derived from MOF precursors. The gas testing results revealed that introducing an appropriate amount of Eu and Ce would enlarge the specific surface area and enrich the oxygen vacancy content compared to pristine MOF-ZnO. Upon UV irradiation, the 0.03 wt% Eu 0.04 wt% Ce-ZnO sensor achieved a superior response of 611 for 100 ppm n-butanol at room temperature, 15.28 times higher than that of pristine MOF-ZnO (40). Furthermore, the sensor presented rapid response/recovery times (15 s/28 s) and excellent selectivity. The above contributions pave the way for the promising development of highly sensitive, ultraviolet-enhanced gas sensors for ambient temperature detection of VOCs.

Key words: Eu/Ce, ZnO, N-butanol, Ultraviolet, Ambient temperature



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Fig. 1.  (Color online) Schematic diagram of the material synthesis procedure and gas sensor testing unit.

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Fig. 2.  (Color online) XRD patterns of pristine MOF-ZnO and Eu/Ce-codoped ZnO: (a) 20°−80° and (b) 30°−38°.

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Fig. 3.  (Color online) SEM image (while the insets are particle size distribution plots): (a) ZIF-8, (b) 0.03 wt% Eu 0.04 wt% Ce-ZIF-8, (c) MOF-ZnO, (d) 0.03 wt% Eu 0.04 wt% Ce-ZnO.

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Fig. 4.  (Color online) (a) TEM image and (b) HRTEM image (SAED image inset); EDS image: (c) Zn, (d) O, (e) Eu and (f) Ce of 0.03 wt% Eu 0.04 wt% Ce-ZnO.

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Fig. 5.  (Color online) XPS profiles of MOF-ZnO and 0.03 wt% Eu 0.04 wt% Ce-ZnO: (a) full spectrum, (b) C 1s, (c) Zn 2p, and (d) O 1s.

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Fig. 6.  (Color online) Pore size distribution analysis (inset) and nitrogen adsorption-desorption curves for: (a) MOF-ZnO and (b) 0.03 wt% Eu 0.04 wt% Ce-ZnO.

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Fig. 7.  (Color online) UV-Vis spectra: (a) Eu/Ce-codoped ZnO series and (b) band gap energies.

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Fig. 8.  (Color online) Photoluminescence spectra of the MOF-ZnO and Eu/Ce-codoped ZnO series.

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Fig. 9.  (Color online) MOF-ZnO and Eu/Ce-co-doped ZnO series under UV light activation at ambient temperature: (a) Response-recovery curves to 100 ppm n-butanol, (b) Resistance curves in air.

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Fig. 10.  (Color online) MOF-ZnO and Eu/Ce-co-doped ZnO series under UV at ambient temperature: (a) Response to various n-butanol concentrations, (b) Fitted curves of response values versus n-butanol concentration (raw data inset).

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Fig. 11.  (Color online) MOF-ZnO and Eu/Ce-codoped ZnO series under UV activation at ambient temperature: (a) Response-recovery to 100 ppm n-butanol (eight cycles), (b) Response to 100 ppm of multiple gases.

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Fig. 12.  (Color online) Response of MOF-ZnO and 0.03 wt% Eu 0.04 wt% Ce-ZnO to 100 ppm n-butanol under UV activation at ambient temperature:(a) Under varying humidity conditions, (b) Long-term stability.

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Fig. 13.  (Color online) Schematic diagram of the sensing mechanism of the Eu/Ce-codoped ZnO sensor for n-butanol.

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Table 1.   Mean grain size of Eu/Ce-codoped ZnO at varying rare earth contents (Based on (101) plane).

Sample2Θ (°)FWHM (°)Crystallite size (nm)
Pristine MOF-ZnO36.17390.546415.2858
0.03 wt % Eu 0.03 wt% Ce-ZnO35.92610570414.6420
0.03 wt % Eu 0.04 wt% Ce-ZnO36.00800.584214.2987
0.04 wt % Eu 0.03 wt% Ce-ZnO35.93920.86149.6954
0.04 wt % Eu 0.04 wt% Ce-ZnO35.95920.723911.5382
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Table 2.   The response / recovery times of Eu/Ce-codoped ZnO series sensors toward 100 ppm VOC gases.

VOCsMOF-ZnO0.03 wt% Eu
0.03 wt% Ce-ZnO		0.03 wt% Eu
0.04 wt% Ce-ZnO		0.04 wt% Eu
0.03 wt% Ce-ZnO		0.04 wt% Eu
0.04 wt% Ce-ZnO
N-butanol25 s / 33 s24 s / 35 s15 s / 28 s23 s / 20 s19 s / 30 s
Triethylamine70 s / 38 s56 s / 48 s20 s / 14 s52 s / 18 s60 s / 28 s
Ethylene glycol59 s / 41 s53 s / 19 s26 s / 30 s34 s / 32 s35 s / 34 s
Ethanol14 s / 15 s11 s / 9 s32 s / 20 s8 s / 17 s8 s / 24 s
Formaldehyde51 s / 35 s37 s / 36 s27 s / 22 s46 s / 38 s52 s / 33 s
Methanol39 s/ 24 s30 s/ 23 s20 s/ 13 s23 s/ 25 s21 s/ 13 s
Acetone26 s/ 25 s30 s/ 31 s18 s/ 19 s18 s/ 20 s19 s/ 27 s
Ammonia20 s/ 12 s17 s/ 13 s16 s/ 11 s16 s/ 12 s19 s/ 14 s
Isopropanol19 s/ 20 s18 s/ 8 s23 s/ 22 s14 s/ 12 s21 s/ 12 s
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Table 3.   Overview of gas-sensing performance for recently reported sensors.

MaterialsGasT. (°C)C. (ppm) & Ra/RgLt.Ref.
MOF-derived 5.0Pd@ZnOhydrogenRT200 & 52.89UV[46]
Pt@Ni/ZnOmethane605000 & 904.04UV[23]
Tb@ZnO-2acetic acid240100 &77.80UV[47]
Indium-doped ZnOn-butanol505 & 8.40UV[48]
N3-loaded ZnO nanoclusterethanol225200 & 75.10Green[49]
(Mn, Co) co-doped ZnOn-butanol300200 & 151.80/[50]
0.03 wt% Eu 0.04 wt% Ce-ZnOn-butanolRT100 & 611UVthis work
DownLoad: CSV
[1]
Thayil R, Parne S R. Biofunctionalized magnetic nanoparticles incorporated MoS2 nanocomposite for enhanced n-butanol sensing at room temperature. Sci Rep, 2024, 14(1), 24508 doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-76106-5
[2]
Meng F L, Li M W, Zhang R Z, et al. Room temperature n-butanol detection by Ag-modified In2O3 gas sensor with UV excitation. Ceram Int, 2025, 51(2), 1764 doi: 10.1016/j.ceramint.2024.11.152
[3]
Liao Z J, Yuan Z Y, Gao H L, et al. Novel Co3O4-CuO-CuOHF porous sheet for high sensitivity n-butanol gas sensor at low temperature. Sens Actuat B Chem, 2023, 384, 133619 doi: 10.1016/j.snb.2023.133619
[4]
Najafi P, Ghaemi A. Chemiresistor gas sensors: Design, challenges, and strategies: A comprehensive review. Chem Eng J, 2024, 498, 154999 doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2024.154999
[5]
Thayil R, Parne S R. Nanostructured zinc oxide and selenide-based materials for gas sensing application: review. J Mater Sci Mater Electron, 2025, 36(5), 322 doi: 10.1007/s10854-025-14401-1
[6]
Li Y, Shan L X, Wang R C, et al. Enhanced n-butanol sensing performance of SnO2/ZnO nanoflowers fabricated via a facile solvothermal method. Ceram Int, 2022, 48(15), 22426 doi: 10.1016/j.ceramint.2022.04.256
[7]
Santos G S M, de Sá B S, Perfecto T M, et al. MOF-derived Co3O4-ZnO heterostructure for 3-methyl-1-butanol detection. Sens Actuat B Chem, 2024, 408, 135533 doi: 10.1016/j.snb.2024.135533
[8]
Lei Q, Li H R, Zhang H, et al. Three-dimensional hierarchical CuO gas sensor modified by Au nanoparticles. J Semicond, 2019, 40(2), 022101 doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/40/2/022101
[9]
Thakur N, Murthy H, Arumugam S, et al. Direct ink writing of nickel oxide-based thin films for room temperature gas detection. J Semicond, 2025, 46(1), 012606 doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/24080025
[10]
Kwoka M, Kulis-Kapuscinska A, Zappa D, et al. Novel insight on the local surface properties of ZnO nanowires. Nanotechnology, 2020, 31(46), 465705 doi: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab8dec
[11]
Yue Q, Liu T, Mu Y, et al. Highly responsive and swift recovery triethylamine gas sensor based on NiCo2O4-ZnO p-n heterojunction. Sens Actuat B Chem, 2024, 410, 135666 doi: 10.1016/j.snb.2024.135666
[12]
Wei X S, Yang X C, Guo Y, et al. UV-enhanced Mg: MOF-ZnO sensor for n-butanol gas detection at a lower operating temperature. Appl Surf Sci, 2024, 678, 161138 doi: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2024.161138
[13]
Xian J B, Li J, Wang W J, et al. Enhanced specific surface area of ZIF-8 derived ZnO induced by sulfuric acid modification for high-performance acetone gas sensor. Appl Surf Sci, 2023, 614, 156175 doi: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2022.156175
[14]
Kim S J, Lee J, Bae J S, et al. The impact of ZIF-8 particle size control on low-humidity sensor performance. Nanomaterials, 2024, 14(3), 284 doi: 10.3390/nano14030284
[15]
Yi M, Li H R, Huang D D, et al. ZIF-8-derived ZnO doped with in for high-performance ethanol gas sensor. J Mater Sci Mater Electron, 2024, 35(5), 342 doi: 10.1007/s10854-024-12062-0
[16]
Cai H, Luo H, Hu F R, et al. High-response n-butanol gas sensor based on quasi-Zn-MOFs with tunable surface oxygen vacancies. J Alloys Compd, 2025, 1010, 177274 doi: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2024.177274
[17]
Wan G X, Xue R J, Qin T, et al. Acetone detection at low temperature using a gas nano-sensor based on ZnO flakes loaded with metal organic-skeleton ZIF-8. Mater Today Commun, 2023, 37, 107561 doi: 10.1016/j.mtcomm.2023.107561
[18]
Zhou J M, Wang X D, Zhang Y P, et al. Rare earth element Ce-doped floral In2O3 with high sensing performance for n-butanol. Vacuum, 2025, 231, 113761 doi: 10.1016/j.vacuum.2024.113761
[19]
Suryawanshi V N, Varpe A S, Deshpande M D. The influence of rare earth (RE) dopants on structural, optical and gas sensing properties of spray deposited PbO thin films, where RE = Ce, Nd and Eu. Pramana, 2022, 96(1), 38 doi: 10.1007/s12043-021-02280-0
[20]
Sayago I, Santos J P, Sánchez-Vicente C. The effect of rare earths on the response of photo UV-activate ZnO gas sensors. Sensors, 2022, 22(21), 8150 doi: 10.3390/s22218150
[21]
Zhao S K, Shen Y B, Li A, et al. Effects of rare earth elements doping on gas sensing properties of ZnO nanowires. Ceram Int, 2021, 47(17), 24218 doi: 10.1016/j.ceramint.2021.05.133
[22]
Yu S G, Zhang H Y, Lin C C, et al. The enhancement of humidity sensing performance based on Eu-doped ZnO. Curr Appl Phys, 2019, 19(2), 82 doi: 10.1016/j.cap.2018.11.015
[23]
Sun X Y, Tang M X, Yu M Q, et al. UV-activated CH4 gas sensor based on Pd@Ni/ZnO microspheres. Mater Today Commun, 2024, 40, 109551 doi: 10.1016/j.mtcomm.2024.109551
[24]
Liu H, Liu J L, Liu Y C, et al. UV light-activated Eu/ZnO flower-like microsphere for detecting NO2 gas with high response. Ceram Int, 2024, 50(20), 39654 doi: 10.1016/j.ceramint.2024.07.345
[25]
Sun X Y, Zhang Y, Wang Y H, et al. UV-activated AuAg/ZnO microspheres for high-performance methane sensor at room temperature. Ceram Int, 2024, 50(17), 30552 doi: 10.1016/j.ceramint.2024.05.352
[26]
Wei X S, Yang X C, Guo Y, et al. Room temperature detection of n-butanol Ce-doped MOF: ZnO sensor under UV activation. Ceram Int, 2024, 50(21), 41943 doi: 10.1016/j.ceramint.2024.08.192
[27]
Cravillon J, Nayuk R, Springer S, et al. Controlling zeolitic imidazolate framework nano- and microcrystal formation: Insight into crystal growth by time-resolved In situ static light scattering. Chem Mater, 2011, 23(8), 2130 doi: 10.1021/cm103571y
[28]
Thayil R, Parne S R. Tuning MoS2 nanostructures for superior room-temperature toluene sensing. Talanta Open, 2025, 11, 100402 doi: 10.1016/j.talo.2025.100402
[29]
Nair M G, Nirmala M, Rekha K, et al. Structural, optical, photo catalytic and antibacterial activity of ZnO and Co doped ZnO nanoparticles. Mater Lett, 2011, 65(12), 1797 doi: 10.1016/j.matlet.2011.03.079
[30]
Umar A, Akbar S, Kumar R, et al. Ce-doped ZnO nanostructures: A promising platform for NO2 gas sensing. Chemosphere, 2024, 349, 140838 doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140838
[31]
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    Received: 16 July 2025 Revised: 19 September 2025 Online: Accepted Manuscript: 16 October 2025Uncorrected proof: 16 October 2025

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      Yinzhong Liu, Xuechun Yang, Yun Guo, Lingchao Wang, Xiaofan Li, Hui Guo, Yiyu Qiao, Xiaotao Zhu, Lingli Cheng, Zheng Jiao. Harnessing Eu/Ce-codoped ZnO nanomaterial derived from MOF precursor for high-performance n-butanol sensing under UV activation at ambient temperature[J]. Journal of Semiconductors, 2025, In Press. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/25070023 ****Y Z Liu, X C Yang, Y Guo, L C Wang, X F Li, H Guo, Y Y Qiao, X T Zhu, L L Cheng, and Z Jiao, Harnessing Eu/Ce-codoped ZnO nanomaterial derived from MOF precursor for high-performance n-butanol sensing under UV activation at ambient temperature[J]. J. Semicond., 2025, accepted doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/25070023
      Citation:
      Yinzhong Liu, Xuechun Yang, Yun Guo, Lingchao Wang, Xiaofan Li, Hui Guo, Yiyu Qiao, Xiaotao Zhu, Lingli Cheng, Zheng Jiao. Harnessing Eu/Ce-codoped ZnO nanomaterial derived from MOF precursor for high-performance n-butanol sensing under UV activation at ambient temperature[J]. Journal of Semiconductors, 2025, In Press. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/25070023 ****
      Y Z Liu, X C Yang, Y Guo, L C Wang, X F Li, H Guo, Y Y Qiao, X T Zhu, L L Cheng, and Z Jiao, Harnessing Eu/Ce-codoped ZnO nanomaterial derived from MOF precursor for high-performance n-butanol sensing under UV activation at ambient temperature[J]. J. Semicond., 2025, accepted doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/25070023
      shu

      Harnessing Eu/Ce-codoped ZnO nanomaterial derived from MOF precursor for high-performance n-butanol sensing under UV activation at ambient temperature

      DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/25070023
      CSTR: 10.1088/1674-4926/25070023
      • 1.

        School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China

      • 2.

        Key Laboratory of Organic Compound Pollution Control Engineering, Ministry of Education, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China

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      • Yinzhong Liu is a master candidate at Shanghai University, Shanghai, China. Her research interest is the preparation and application of REE-doped gas sensing materials
      • Xuechun Yang is affiliated with the Key Laboratory of Organic Compound Pollution Control Engineering at Shanghai University, Shanghai, China. She earned her Ph.D. degree in Materials Physics and Chemistry from the Shanghai University. Her work mainly includes the preparation of inorganic/organic nanocomposites and the manufacture of chemical sensors
      • Yun Guo is currently associate professor working at Shanghai University, Shanghai, China. She earned her B.S. degree in Mineralogy from Nanjing University and Ph.D. degree in Materials Science from Shanghai University. Her current research interests focus on the preparation and performance of semiconductor Gas Sensing Materials and Devices
      • Corresponding author: guoyun@shu.edu.cn; zjiao@shu.edu.cn
      • Received Date: 2025-07-16
      • Revised Date: 2025-09-19
        • Available Online: 2025-10-16

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