Crystallization control strategy for preparing perovskite layer by solution method

Cunyun Xu; Hongxiang Li; Linxiang Yang; Lin Wang; Xiaoyu Yang; Yanzhao Zou; Longyang Zhan; Yi Yang; Wenqing He; Wenbo Dong; Hui Chen; Pei Cheng; Shijie Ren

doi:10.1088/1674-4926/26030019

J. Semicond. > Just Accepted

RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS

Crystallization control strategy for preparing perovskite layer by solution method

Cunyun Xu¹, Hongxiang Li^{1, 2,}, Linxiang Yang¹, Lin Wang¹, Xiaoyu Yang³, Yanzhao Zou³, Longyang Zhan¹, Yi Yang¹, Wenqing He¹, Wenbo Dong¹, Hui Chen^{1, 2, 4}, Pei Cheng^2, and Shijie Ren^{1, 2,}

+ Author Affiliations

1. College of Materials and Energy, Guang'an Institute of Technology, Guang'an 638000, China
2. College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymer Materials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
3. College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guang'an Institute of Technology, Guang'an 638000, China
4. National Guang'an Economic and Technological development zone, Guang'an 638000, China

Author Bio:

Cunyun Xu received his PhD degree from the School of Materials and Energy, Southwest University in 2025. He is dedicated to research on photoelectric conversion devices, thin films and coating materials. Now his research interests focus on the crystallization behavior and interfacial physicochemical mechanisms of perovskite solar cells, as well as light management and efficiency-enhancing coating technologies based on photovoltaic modules.

Hongxiang Li serves as a full-time teacher at Guang’an University of Technology (in preparation) and an associate researcher at the College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University. He has long devoted himself to the research of organic optoelectronic material processing, device morphology regulation and synchrotron radiation characterization technology. His research also covers microstructure testing based on synchrotron radiation light sources and academic cooperation with top research teams at home and abroad. In recent five years, he has published over 100 papers in top journals with an H-index of 38 and more than 4000 citations.

Pei Cheng received his B.E. in Polymer Materials and Engineering from Sichuan University in 2011. He then joined Prof. Xiaowei Zhan's group at ICCAS/Peking University, and received his Ph.D. in Chemistry (2016). Dr. Cheng worked in Prof. Yang Yang's group in the Department of Materials Science and Engineering at UCLA from 2017 to 2020 as a postdoc researcher. He is currently a professor at College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University. His research interests are focused on organic solar cells and functional optoelectronic devices.

Shijie Ren is a professor at the College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, China. He received his B.Sc. degree from Tongji University in 2003 and PhD from Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences in 2008. After that, he did postdoctoral research in Andrew B. Holmes’ group at the University of Melbourne, Australia, and Andrew I. Cooper’s group at the University of Liverpool, UK. His research interests focus on the preparation of functional polymers, porous organic polymers, and their applications in energy and environment-related fields.

Corresponding author: Hongxiang Li, lihongxiang@scu.edu.cn; Pei Cheng, chengpei@scu.edu.cn; Shijie Ren, rensj@scu.edu.cn

DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/26030019CSTR: 32376.14.1674-4926.26030019

References

[1]	Best research-cell efficiency chart. https://www.nlr.gov/pv/cell-efficiency.
[2]	Cao X B, Zhi L L, Jia Y, et al. A review of the role of solvents in formation of high-quality solution-processed perovskite films. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2019, 11(8): 7639. doi: 10.1021/acsami.8b16315
[3]	De Yoreo J J, Gilbert P U P A, Sommerdijk N A J M, et al. Crystallization by particle attachment in synthetic, biogenic, and geologic environments. Science, 2015, 349(6247): aaa6760 doi: 10.1126/science.aaa6760
[4]	Bu T L, Li J, Li H Y, et al. Lead halide–templated crystallization of methylamine-free perovskite for efficient photovoltaic modules. Science, 2021, 372(6548): 1327 doi: 10.1126/science.abh1035
[5]	Chen S S, Xiao X, Chen B, et al. Crystallization in one-step solution deposition of perovskite films: Upward or downward? Sci Adv, 2021, 7(4): eabb2412 doi: 10.1126/sciadv.abb2412
[6]	Jung M, Ji S G, Kim G, et al. Perovskite precursor solution chemistry: From fundamentals to photovoltaic applications. Chem Soc Rev, 2019, 48(7): 2011 doi: 10.1039/C8CS00656C
[7]	Jiang J Z, Xiong M, Fan K, et al. Synergistic strain engineering of perovskite single crystals for highly stable and sensitive X-ray detectors with low-bias imaging and monitoring. Nat Photonics, 2022, 16(8): 575 doi: 10.1038/s41566-022-01024-9
[8]	Chu Z Y, Fan B J, Zhao Y, et al. Laser annealing enables rapid, degradation-free ambient processing of perovskite solar modules. Science, 2025, 390(6776): 905-910. doi: 10.1126/science.adx9650
[9]	Hidalgo J, Kaiser W, An Y, et al. Synergistic role of water and oxygen leads to degradation in formamidinium-based halide perovskites. J Am Chem Soc, 2023, 145(45): 24549 doi: 10.1021/jacs.3c05657.s001
[10]	Zhang Y X, Liu Y C, Liu S Z. Composition engineering of perovskite single crystals for high-performance optoelectronics. Adv Funct Mater, 2022, 33(9): 2210335 doi: 10.1002/adfm.202210335
[11]	Liu S W, Li J B, Xiao W S, et al. Buried interface molecular hybrid for inverted perovskite solar cells. Nature, 2024, 632(8025): 536 doi: 10.1038/s41586-024-07723-3
[12]	You J Y, Bian H Y, Wang M, et al. Eco-friendly glucose assisted structurally simplified high-efficiency tin-lead mixed perovskite solar cells. J Energy Chem, 2023, 85: 83 doi: 10.1016/j.jechem.2023.06.014
[13]	Ge C L, Wei Q, Ning Z J. Key Strategies for the performance enhancement of tin-based perovskite solar cells. ACS Energy Lett, 2026, 11(1): 180 doi: 10.1021/acsenergylett.5c03596
[14]	Pansa-Ngat P, Singh K, Patel B, et al. Stereoelectronic effect from b-site dopants stabilizes black phase of CsPbI₃. Chem Mater, 2023, 35(1): 271 doi: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.2c03159
[15]	Huang X F, Deng G C, Zhan S Q, et al. Solvent gaming chemistry to control the quality of halide perovskite thin films for photovoltaics. ACS Cent Sci, 2022, 8(7): 1008 doi: 10.1021/acscentsci.2c00385
[16]	Wang S R, Wu C, Yao H H, et al. The nonhalides in perovskite solar cells. Mater Chem Front, 2023, 7(5): 789 doi: 10.1039/D2QM01147F
[17]	Li W, Zhu B, Rothmann M U, et al. Intermediate phase-enhanced Ostwald ripening for the elimination of phase segregation in efficient inorganic CsPbIBr₂ perovskite solar cells. Sci China Mater, 2021, 64(11): 2655 doi: 10.1007/s40843-021-1660-6
[18]	Harata F, Kaneko R, Hu S F, et al. Substrate-independent and antisolvent-free fabrication method for tin perovskite films via imidazole-complexed intermediates. ACS Energy Lett, 2025, 10(10): 5047 doi: 10.1021/acsenergylett.5c02366
[19]	Wang Y, Li M Z, Li H Z, et al. Patterned wettability surface for competition-driving large-grained perovskite solar cells. Adv Energy Mater, 2019, 9(25): 1900838 doi: 10.1002/aenm.201900838
[20]	Wu Z W, Sang S Y, Zheng J J, et al. Crystallization kinetics of hybrid perovskite solar cells. Angew Chem Int Ed, 2024, 63(17): e202319170 doi: 10.1002/anie.202319170
[21]	Li W G, Wang X D, Huang Y H, et al. Ultrasound-assisted crystallization enables large-area perovskite quasi-monocrystalline film for high-sensitive x-ray detection and imaging. Adv Mater, 2023, 35(31): 2210878 doi: 10.1002/adma.202210878

Fig. 1. (Color online) (a) Schematic diagram of the crystallization orientation of perovskite thin films during thermal annealing^[5], (b) Relationship between the system Gibbs Free Energy (ΔG) and nucleus radius induced by nucleation in solution^[6], (c) Schematic diagram of the formation energy difference for perovskites doped with different organic cations^[7], (d) Physicochemical mechanism of perovskites under external erosion^[8].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

Fig. 2. (Color online) (a) Schematic diagram of perovskite crystal formation via different ion combinations^[10], (b) Schematic diagram of the coordination competition mechanism between organic molecules and perovskite precursors^[15], (c) Effect of heterogeneous interface differences on perovskite film formation^[18], (d) Schematic diagram of the difference between crystallization pathways during nanosecond rapid annealing and conventional thermal annealing^[8].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

[1]	Best research-cell efficiency chart. https://www.nlr.gov/pv/cell-efficiency.
[2]	Cao X B, Zhi L L, Jia Y, et al. A review of the role of solvents in formation of high-quality solution-processed perovskite films. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2019, 11(8): 7639. doi: 10.1021/acsami.8b16315
[3]	De Yoreo J J, Gilbert P U P A, Sommerdijk N A J M, et al. Crystallization by particle attachment in synthetic, biogenic, and geologic environments. Science, 2015, 349(6247): aaa6760 doi: 10.1126/science.aaa6760
[4]	Bu T L, Li J, Li H Y, et al. Lead halide–templated crystallization of methylamine-free perovskite for efficient photovoltaic modules. Science, 2021, 372(6548): 1327 doi: 10.1126/science.abh1035
[5]	Chen S S, Xiao X, Chen B, et al. Crystallization in one-step solution deposition of perovskite films: Upward or downward? Sci Adv, 2021, 7(4): eabb2412 doi: 10.1126/sciadv.abb2412
[6]	Jung M, Ji S G, Kim G, et al. Perovskite precursor solution chemistry: From fundamentals to photovoltaic applications. Chem Soc Rev, 2019, 48(7): 2011 doi: 10.1039/C8CS00656C
[7]	Jiang J Z, Xiong M, Fan K, et al. Synergistic strain engineering of perovskite single crystals for highly stable and sensitive X-ray detectors with low-bias imaging and monitoring. Nat Photonics, 2022, 16(8): 575 doi: 10.1038/s41566-022-01024-9
[8]	Chu Z Y, Fan B J, Zhao Y, et al. Laser annealing enables rapid, degradation-free ambient processing of perovskite solar modules. Science, 2025, 390(6776): 905-910. doi: 10.1126/science.adx9650
[9]	Hidalgo J, Kaiser W, An Y, et al. Synergistic role of water and oxygen leads to degradation in formamidinium-based halide perovskites. J Am Chem Soc, 2023, 145(45): 24549 doi: 10.1021/jacs.3c05657.s001
[10]	Zhang Y X, Liu Y C, Liu S Z. Composition engineering of perovskite single crystals for high-performance optoelectronics. Adv Funct Mater, 2022, 33(9): 2210335 doi: 10.1002/adfm.202210335
[11]	Liu S W, Li J B, Xiao W S, et al. Buried interface molecular hybrid for inverted perovskite solar cells. Nature, 2024, 632(8025): 536 doi: 10.1038/s41586-024-07723-3
[12]	You J Y, Bian H Y, Wang M, et al. Eco-friendly glucose assisted structurally simplified high-efficiency tin-lead mixed perovskite solar cells. J Energy Chem, 2023, 85: 83 doi: 10.1016/j.jechem.2023.06.014
[13]	Ge C L, Wei Q, Ning Z J. Key Strategies for the performance enhancement of tin-based perovskite solar cells. ACS Energy Lett, 2026, 11(1): 180 doi: 10.1021/acsenergylett.5c03596
[14]	Pansa-Ngat P, Singh K, Patel B, et al. Stereoelectronic effect from b-site dopants stabilizes black phase of CsPbI₃. Chem Mater, 2023, 35(1): 271 doi: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.2c03159
[15]	Huang X F, Deng G C, Zhan S Q, et al. Solvent gaming chemistry to control the quality of halide perovskite thin films for photovoltaics. ACS Cent Sci, 2022, 8(7): 1008 doi: 10.1021/acscentsci.2c00385
[16]	Wang S R, Wu C, Yao H H, et al. The nonhalides in perovskite solar cells. Mater Chem Front, 2023, 7(5): 789 doi: 10.1039/D2QM01147F
[17]	Li W, Zhu B, Rothmann M U, et al. Intermediate phase-enhanced Ostwald ripening for the elimination of phase segregation in efficient inorganic CsPbIBr₂ perovskite solar cells. Sci China Mater, 2021, 64(11): 2655 doi: 10.1007/s40843-021-1660-6
[18]	Harata F, Kaneko R, Hu S F, et al. Substrate-independent and antisolvent-free fabrication method for tin perovskite films via imidazole-complexed intermediates. ACS Energy Lett, 2025, 10(10): 5047 doi: 10.1021/acsenergylett.5c02366
[19]	Wang Y, Li M Z, Li H Z, et al. Patterned wettability surface for competition-driving large-grained perovskite solar cells. Adv Energy Mater, 2019, 9(25): 1900838 doi: 10.1002/aenm.201900838
[20]	Wu Z W, Sang S Y, Zheng J J, et al. Crystallization kinetics of hybrid perovskite solar cells. Angew Chem Int Ed, 2024, 63(17): e202319170 doi: 10.1002/anie.202319170
[21]	Li W G, Wang X D, Huang Y H, et al. Ultrasound-assisted crystallization enables large-area perovskite quasi-monocrystalline film for high-sensitive x-ray detection and imaging. Adv Mater, 2023, 35(31): 2210878 doi: 10.1002/adma.202210878

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Received: 12 March 2026 Revised: 06 May 2026 Online: Accepted Manuscript: 27 May 2026

Article Navigation > Journal of Semiconductors > 2026 > Accepted Manuscript

Cunyun Xu, Hongxiang Li, Linxiang Yang, Lin Wang, Xiaoyu Yang, Yanzhao Zou, Longyang Zhan, Yi Yang, Wenqing He, Wenbo Dong, Hui Chen, Pei Cheng, Shijie Ren. Crystallization control strategy for preparing perovskite layer by solution method[J]. Journal of Semiconductors, 2026, In Press. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/26030019 ****C Y Xu, H X Li, L X Yang, L Wang, X Y Yang, Y Z Zou, L Y Zhan, Y Yang, W Q He, W B Dong, H Chen, P Cheng, and S J Ren, Crystallization control strategy for preparing perovskite layer by solution method[J]. J. Semicond., 2026, accepted doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/26030019

Citation:

C Y Xu, H X Li, L X Yang, L Wang, X Y Yang, Y Z Zou, L Y Zhan, Y Yang, W Q He, W B Dong, H Chen, P Cheng, and S J Ren, Crystallization control strategy for preparing perovskite layer by solution method[J]. J. Semicond., 2026, accepted doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/26030019

Citation:

PDF( 6121 KB)

Crystallization control strategy for preparing perovskite layer by solution method

DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/26030019

CSTR: 32376.14.1674-4926.26030019

1.
College of Materials and Energy, Guang'an Institute of Technology, Guang'an 638000, China
2.
College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymer Materials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
3.
College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guang'an Institute of Technology, Guang'an 638000, China
4.
National Guang'an Economic and Technological development zone, Guang'an 638000, China

More Information

Cunyun Xu received his PhD degree from the School of Materials and Energy, Southwest University in 2025. He is dedicated to research on photoelectric conversion devices, thin films and coating materials. Now his research interests focus on the crystallization behavior and interfacial physicochemical mechanisms of perovskite solar cells, as well as light management and efficiency-enhancing coating technologies based on photovoltaic modules
Hongxiang Li serves as a full-time teacher at Guang’an University of Technology (in preparation) and an associate researcher at the College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University. He has long devoted himself to the research of organic optoelectronic material processing, device morphology regulation and synchrotron radiation characterization technology. His research also covers microstructure testing based on synchrotron radiation light sources and academic cooperation with top research teams at home and abroad. In recent five years, he has published over 100 papers in top journals with an H-index of 38 and more than 4000 citations
Pei Cheng received his B.E. in Polymer Materials and Engineering from Sichuan University in 2011. He then joined Prof. Xiaowei Zhan's group at ICCAS/Peking University, and received his Ph.D. in Chemistry (2016). Dr. Cheng worked in Prof. Yang Yang's group in the Department of Materials Science and Engineering at UCLA from 2017 to 2020 as a postdoc researcher. He is currently a professor at College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University. His research interests are focused on organic solar cells and functional optoelectronic devices
Shijie Ren is a professor at the College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, China. He received his B.Sc. degree from Tongji University in 2003 and PhD from Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences in 2008. After that, he did postdoctoral research in Andrew B. Holmes’ group at the University of Melbourne, Australia, and Andrew I. Cooper’s group at the University of Liverpool, UK. His research interests focus on the preparation of functional polymers, porous organic polymers, and their applications in energy and environment-related fields
Corresponding author: lihongxiang@scu.edu.cn; chengpei@scu.edu.cn; rensj@scu.edu.cn
Received Date: 2026-03-12
Revised Date: 2026-05-06

Available Online: 2026-05-27

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