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A wearable hydrogel-based EEG patch device for human fatigue assessment

Mingxu Wang1, §, Jun Ma1, 2, §, Jixiao Guo1, 2, §, Cunkai Zhou1, 2, Changlei Ge1, 2, Yuchen Zhou1, 2, Yongfeng Wang1, Mingming Hao1, Lianhui Li1, 2, and Ting Zhang1, 2,

+ Author Affiliations

 Corresponding author: Lianhui Li, lhli2015@sinano.ac.cn; Ting Zhang, tzhang2009@sinano.ac.cn

DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/26040024CSTR: 32376.14.1674-4926.26040024

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Abstract: Accurate and quantitative evaluation of human fatigue status is of crucial importance to safe outdoor operations and personal health management. Electroencephalography (EEG) technology offers a non-invasive, rapid and high-accuracy feasible solution, yet it still faces challenges such as large device volume and unstable electrode-skin interface. In this work, we propose a wearable intelligent EEG platform for real-time monitoring and assessment of human fatigue status. A flexible dual-channel (FP1, FP2) EEG patch was fabricated in flexible PET film by coupling screen-printed carbon powder /graphene oxide electrodes with a biocompatible polyacrylic acid/polyvinyl alcohol (PAA/PVA) hydrogel. Among them, the composite carbon structure and the hydrogel provide a low interfacial impedance (98.3 Ω·cm2@1 kHz), skin-matched mechanical modulus (3.5 kPa) and a skin-conformal (2.96 MPa adhesion strength) electronic interface, respectively, laying a solid foundation for acquiring high-quality and stable EEG signals. Furthermore, a smartphone APP was developed to wirelessly operate the EEG platform, as well as to transmit and process real-time EEG data. To verify the effectiveness, a multi-state simulation-induced fatigue test was conducted. The results demonstrate that the proposed EEG platform can detect the EEG spectrum and conduct rhythmic classification processing, in which the θ/β value (>1.5) could serve as a reliable indicator of fatigue, enabling quantitative evaluation and early warning of human fatigue.

Keywords: screen-printed electrodes, hydrogel interface, EEG monitoring, fatigue assessment



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[4]
Chen F, Zhuang Q N, Ding Y C, et al. Wet-adaptive electronic skin. Adv Mater, 2023, 35(49): 2305630 doi: 10.1002/adma.202305630
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Kim J, Campbell A S, de Ávila B E, et al. Wearable biosensors for healthcare monitoring. Nat Biotechnol, 2019, 37(4): 389 doi: 10.1038/s41587-019-0045-y
[6]
Libanori A, Chen G R, Zhao X, et al. Smart textiles for personalized healthcare. Nat Electron, 2022, 5(3): 142 doi: 10.1038/s41928-022-00723-z
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Miyamoto A, Lee S, Cooray N F, et al. Inflammation-free, gas-permeable, lightweight, stretchable on-skin electronics with nanomeshes. Nat Nanotechnol, 2017, 12(9): 907 doi: 10.1038/nnano.2017.125
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Xiao Q, Fan L H, Ma Q, et al. Secure wireless communication of brain–computer interface and mind control of smart devices enabled by space-time-coding metasurface. Nat Commun, 2025, 16: 7914 doi: 10.1038/s41467-025-63326-0
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Li N, Wang X L, Liu Y, et al. Ultrastretchable, Self-Adhesive and conductive MXene nanocomposite hydrogel for body-surface temperature distinguishing and electrophysiological signal monitoring. Chem Eng J, 2024, 483: 149303 doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2024.149303
[15]
Zhang J, Li Y, Pan J N, et al. Silk fibroin enhanced double-network hydrogels with extreme stretchability, self-adhesive and biocompatibility for ultrasensitive strain sensors. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Aspects, 2024, 684: 133035 doi: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2023.133035
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Hsieh J C, He W L, Venkatraghavan D, et al. Design of an injectable, self-adhesive, and highly stable hydrogel electrode for sleep recording. Device, 2024, 2(2): 100182 doi: 10.1016/j.device.2023.100182
[17]
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Li C Q, Tan Z Y, Shi X H, et al. Breathable, adhesive, and biomimetic skin-like super tattoo. Adv Sci, 2024, 11(40): 2406706 doi: 10.1002/advs.202406706
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Zhang Q, Zhao G Y, Li Z Y, et al. Multi-functional adhesive hydrogel as bio-interface for wireless transient pacemaker. Biosens Bioelectron, 2024, 263: 116597 doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2024.116597
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Liu H, Tian G W, Zhao Q Y, et al. Highly stretchable and breathable dry bioelectrode with low impedance for electrophysiological monitoring. Adv Fiber Mater, 2025, 7(1): 266 doi: 10.1007/s42765-024-00485-7
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Gao C, You Q, Huang J C, et al. Ultraconformable integrated wireless charging micro-supercapacitor skin. Nano Micro Lett, 2024, 16(1): 123 doi: 10.1007/s40820-024-01352-1
[30]
Lan T X, Tian H M, Chen X L, et al. Treefrog-inspired flexible electrode with high permeability, stable adhesion, and robust durability. Adv Mater, 2024, 36(31): 2404761 doi: 10.1002/adma.202404761
[31]
Choi G, Kim J, Kim H, et al. Motion-adaptive tessellated skin patches with switchable adhesion for wearable electronics. Adv Mater, 2025, 37(4): 2412271 doi: 10.1002/adma.202412271
[32]
Xu C H, Song Y, Sempionatto J R, et al. A physicochemical-sensing electronic skin for stress response monitoring. Nat Electron, 2024, 7(2): 168 doi: 10.1038/s41928-023-01116-6
[33]
Li T, Qi H B, Zhao C C, et al. Robust skin-integrated conductive biogel for high-fidelity detection under mechanical stress. Nat Commun, 2025, 16: 88 doi: 10.1038/s41467-024-55417-1
[34]
Li G L, Liu Y, Chen Y W, et al. Robust, self-adhesive, and low-contact impedance polyvinyl alcohol/polyacrylamide dual-network hydrogel semidry electrode for biopotential signal acquisition. SmartMat, 2024, 5(2): e1173 doi: 10.1002/smm2.1173
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[41]
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Liang Q C, Wang Y, Wang R Z, et al. All-hydrogel-based organic electrochemical transistors for implantable physiological signal monitoring. Adv Sci, 2026, 13(16): e17375 doi: 10.1002/advs.202517375
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Gao Q, Sun F Q, Li Y, et al. Biological tissue-inspired ultrasoft, ultrathin, and mechanically enhanced microfiber composite hydrogel for flexible bioelectronics. Nano Micro Lett, 2023, 15(1): 139 doi: 10.1007/s40820-023-01096-4
Fig. 1.  (Color online) Design and fatigue monitoring application of the wearable EEG device. (a) Schematic illustration of the wearable EEG device for noninvasive acquisition of human electroencephalogram (EEG) signals at FP1 and FP2 positions, and its application for fatigue monitoring during work. (b) Schematic of the layered structure of the core electrode patch, and the molecular network architecture of the PPA hydrogel interface. (c) Photographs of the individual components of the wearable EEG device: (Ⅰ) screen-printed PET/carbon electrode, (Ⅱ) adhesive hydrogel interface, and (Ⅲ) the complete wearable system integrated into an elastic headband.

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Fig. 2.  (Color online) Fabrication and structural characterization of the flexible EEG electrode patch. (a) Photographs of batch-fabricated PET/carbon electrode via mask-based screen-printing. (b) Schematic illustration of the three-channel electrode configuration, with FP1 and FP2 as working electrodes and FPZ as the common reference electrode. (c) SEM image of carbon electrode surface. (d) Photographs of PPA hydrogel interface in the top sites of PET/carbon electrode. (e−f) Typical SEM and corresponding EDS mapping images of porous PPA hydrogel. (g−h) XPS and FT-IR spectra of PVA, PAA and PAA hydrogel. (i) Fluorescence images of cells cultured with extracts from PAA hydrogel for biocompatibility assessment.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint
Fig. 3.  (Color online) Mechanical and electrical properties of PPA hydrogel. (a) Schematic diagram of the desired hydrogel-skin interface. (b−c) Typical strain-stress curves and mechanical properties of prepared hydrogels. (d−e) Typical load-displacement curves from peel-off tests for PPA hydrogels cured for 3 s, 5 s, 7 s, and 10 s (inset showing the experimental setup for adhesion strength measurement) and quantitative comparison of the average adhesion strength. (f) The comparison between PAA and the reported hydrogel electrodes in terms of young's modulus and adhesion properties. (g) The Bode plot and phase angle result of the PPA/carbon electrode in PBS solution. (h) 2500th cycle voltammetry test of PPA/carbon electrode. (i) The high-frequency voltage (1.0 kHz) input and output responses of PPA/carbon composite electrode.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint
Fig. 4.  (Color online) Signal acquisition performance of the wearable EEG system under dynamic and quiescent conditions. (a) Optical photograph of EEG signal monitoring under exercise conditions. (b) Power spectral density (PSD) of EEG signals recorded under exercise conditions. (c) Representative dual-channel EEG signals (FP1 and FP2) recorded from the frontal region under exercise conditions. (d) Optical photograph of EEG signal monitoring under quiescent conditions. (e) Power spectral density (PSD) of EEG signals recorded under quiescent conditions. (f) Representative dual-channel EEG signals (FP1 and FP2) recorded from the frontal region under quiescent conditions. (g) Long-term continuous EEG recording from FP1 and FP2 channels. (h) Decomposed EEG signals showing canonical frequency bands, including δ (0.5–4 Hz), θ (4–8 Hz), α (8–13 Hz), β (13–30 Hz), and γ (30–45 Hz). (i) PSD of EEG signals from the FP1 channel under quiescent conditions, showing a dominant low-frequency component. (j) PSD of EEG signals from the FP1 channel under exercise conditions, showing dominant β-band activity. (k) PSD of EEG signals from the FP2 channel under quiescent conditions. (l) PSD of EEG signals from the FP2 channel under exercise conditions.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint
Fig. 5.  (Color online) Long-term EEG monitoring and fatigue-related feature extraction using the wearable EEG system. (a) Optical photograph of EEG monitoring during daily-life conditions. (b) Representative long-term continuous EEG signals recorded from frontal channels (FP1 and FP2). (c) User interface of the custom-developed mobile application for real-time EEG visualization and fatigue assessment. (d–f) Temporal evolution of band-limited power for θ (4–8 Hz), α (8–13 Hz), and β (13–30 Hz) rhythms, respectively. (g) Temporal variation of the α/β power ratio. (h) Temporal variation of the θ/β power ratio. (i) Temporal variation of the normalized θ power ratio (θ/(α+β+θ)). (j) Temporal evolution of sample entropy of the EEG signals. (k) Temporal evolution of Rayleigh entropy of the EEG signals.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint
[1]
Someya T, Amagai M. Toward a new generation of smart skins. Nat Biotechnol, 2019, 37(4): 382 doi: 10.1038/s41587-019-0079-1
[2]
Lu J, Li Q M, Huang Q Y, et al. A highly sensitive surface electrode for electrophysiological monitoring. Adv Funct Mater, 2025, 35(15): 2421132 doi: 10.1002/adfm.202421132
[3]
Kaltenbrunner M, Sekitani T, Reeder J, et al. An ultra-lightweight design for imperceptible plastic electronics. Nature, 2013, 499(7459): 458 doi: 10.1038/nature12314
[4]
Chen F, Zhuang Q N, Ding Y C, et al. Wet-adaptive electronic skin. Adv Mater, 2023, 35(49): 2305630 doi: 10.1002/adma.202305630
[5]
Kim J, Campbell A S, de Ávila B E, et al. Wearable biosensors for healthcare monitoring. Nat Biotechnol, 2019, 37(4): 389 doi: 10.1038/s41587-019-0045-y
[6]
Libanori A, Chen G R, Zhao X, et al. Smart textiles for personalized healthcare. Nat Electron, 2022, 5(3): 142 doi: 10.1038/s41928-022-00723-z
[7]
Miyamoto A, Lee S, Cooray N F, et al. Inflammation-free, gas-permeable, lightweight, stretchable on-skin electronics with nanomeshes. Nat Nanotechnol, 2017, 12(9): 907 doi: 10.1038/nnano.2017.125
[8]
Wang W Y, Pan Y F, Shui Y, et al. Imperceptible augmentation of living systems with organic bioelectronic fibres. Nat Electron, 2024, 7(7): 586 doi: 10.1038/s41928-024-01174-4
[9]
Cheng S M, Lou Z R, Zhang L, et al. Ultrathin hydrogel films toward breathable skin-integrated electronics. Adv Mater, 2023, 35(1): 2206793 doi: 10.1002/adma.202206793
[10]
Huh H, Shin H, Li H B, et al. A wireless forehead e-tattoo for mental workload estimation. Device, 2025, 3(8): 100781 doi: 10.1016/j.device.2025.100781
[11]
Xiao Q, Fan L H, Ma Q, et al. Secure wireless communication of brain–computer interface and mind control of smart devices enabled by space-time-coding metasurface. Nat Commun, 2025, 16: 7914 doi: 10.1038/s41467-025-63326-0
[12]
Yan X R, Zhao R R, Lin H J, et al. Nucleobase-driven wearable ionogel electronics for long-term human motion detection and electrophysiological signal monitoring. Adv Funct Mater, 2025, 35(2): 2412244 doi: 10.1002/adfm.202412244
[13]
Jo Y, Lee Y, Heo J H, et al. Universal hydrogel adhesives with robust chain entanglement for bridging soft electronic materials. npj Flex Electron, 2024, 8: 39 doi: 10.1038/s41528-024-00327-x
[14]
Li N, Wang X L, Liu Y, et al. Ultrastretchable, Self-Adhesive and conductive MXene nanocomposite hydrogel for body-surface temperature distinguishing and electrophysiological signal monitoring. Chem Eng J, 2024, 483: 149303 doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2024.149303
[15]
Zhang J, Li Y, Pan J N, et al. Silk fibroin enhanced double-network hydrogels with extreme stretchability, self-adhesive and biocompatibility for ultrasensitive strain sensors. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Aspects, 2024, 684: 133035 doi: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2023.133035
[16]
Hsieh J C, He W L, Venkatraghavan D, et al. Design of an injectable, self-adhesive, and highly stable hydrogel electrode for sleep recording. Device, 2024, 2(2): 100182 doi: 10.1016/j.device.2023.100182
[17]
Hu M Y, Qiu L H, Huang Y L, et al. An adhesive, low swelling and conductive tri-network hydrogel for wearable electronic devices. J Mater Chem C, 2024, 12(23): 8534 doi: 10.1039/D4TC01263A
[18]
Sunwoo S H, Ha K H, Lee S, et al. Wearable and implantable soft bioelectronics: Device designs and material strategies. Annu Rev Chem Biomol Eng, 2021, 12: 359 doi: 10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-101420-024336
[19]
Wu S J, Liu Z, Gong C H, et al. Spider-silk-inspired strong and tough hydrogel fibers with anti-freezing and water retention properties. Nat Commun, 2024, 15: 4441 doi: 10.1038/s41467-024-48745-9
[20]
Yang S J, Cheng J H, Shang J, et al. Stretchable surface electromyography electrode array patch for tendon location and muscle injury prevention. Nat Commun, 2023, 14: 6494 doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-42149-x
[21]
Yao K M, Zhuang Q N, Zhang Q, et al. A fully integrated breathable haptic textile. Sci Adv, 2024, 10(42): eadq9575 doi: 10.1126/sciadv.adq9575
[22]
Zhang J M, Yang X B, Xu R Z, et al. An environmentally friendly porous PDMS film via a template method based for passive daytime radiative cooling. Mater Lett, 2024, 357: 135686 doi: 10.1016/j.matlet.2023.135686
[23]
Li C Q, Tan Z Y, Shi X H, et al. Breathable, adhesive, and biomimetic skin-like super tattoo. Adv Sci, 2024, 11(40): 2406706 doi: 10.1002/advs.202406706
[24]
Zhang Q, Zhao G Y, Li Z Y, et al. Multi-functional adhesive hydrogel as bio-interface for wireless transient pacemaker. Biosens Bioelectron, 2024, 263: 116597 doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2024.116597
[25]
Liu H, Tian G W, Zhao Q Y, et al. Highly stretchable and breathable dry bioelectrode with low impedance for electrophysiological monitoring. Adv Fiber Mater, 2025, 7(1): 266 doi: 10.1007/s42765-024-00485-7
[26]
Li Z X, Xu H, Zheng Y Q, et al. A reconfigurable heterostructure transistor array for monocular 3D parallax reconstruction. Nat Electron, 2025, 8(1): 46 doi: 10.1038/s41928-024-01261-6
[27]
Zhong B W, Qin X K, Xu H, et al. Monolithic cell-on-memristor architecture enables wafer-scale integration of oscillatory chemoreceptors for bio-realistic gustatory chips. Nat Mater, 2026, 25(2): 275 doi: 10.1038/s41563-025-02436-y
[28]
Zheng Y Q, Xu H Y, Xu H, et al. Twelve-inch electrically anisotropic boridene for optoelectronic computing. Nat Nanotechnol, 2026, 21(4): 571 doi: 10.1038/s41565-026-02122-3
[29]
Gao C, You Q, Huang J C, et al. Ultraconformable integrated wireless charging micro-supercapacitor skin. Nano Micro Lett, 2024, 16(1): 123 doi: 10.1007/s40820-024-01352-1
[30]
Lan T X, Tian H M, Chen X L, et al. Treefrog-inspired flexible electrode with high permeability, stable adhesion, and robust durability. Adv Mater, 2024, 36(31): 2404761 doi: 10.1002/adma.202404761
[31]
Choi G, Kim J, Kim H, et al. Motion-adaptive tessellated skin patches with switchable adhesion for wearable electronics. Adv Mater, 2025, 37(4): 2412271 doi: 10.1002/adma.202412271
[32]
Xu C H, Song Y, Sempionatto J R, et al. A physicochemical-sensing electronic skin for stress response monitoring. Nat Electron, 2024, 7(2): 168 doi: 10.1038/s41928-023-01116-6
[33]
Li T, Qi H B, Zhao C C, et al. Robust skin-integrated conductive biogel for high-fidelity detection under mechanical stress. Nat Commun, 2025, 16: 88 doi: 10.1038/s41467-024-55417-1
[34]
Li G L, Liu Y, Chen Y W, et al. Robust, self-adhesive, and low-contact impedance polyvinyl alcohol/polyacrylamide dual-network hydrogel semidry electrode for biopotential signal acquisition. SmartMat, 2024, 5(2): e1173 doi: 10.1002/smm2.1173
[35]
Lin S, Jiang J J, Huang K, et al. Advanced electrode technologies for noninvasive brain–computer interfaces. ACS Nano, 2023, 17(24): 24487 doi: 10.1021/acsnano.3c06781
[36]
Zhu B W, Wang H, Leow W R, et al. Silk fibroin for flexible electronic devices. Adv Mater, 2016, 28(22): 4250 doi: 10.1002/adma.201504276
[37]
Han Q Q, Zhang C, Guo T M, et al. Hydrogel nanoarchitectonics of a flexible and self-adhesive electrode for long-term wireless electroencephalogram recording and high-accuracy sustained attention evaluation. Adv Mater, 2023, 35(12): 2209606 doi: 10.1002/adma.202209606
[38]
Tang H, Li Y F, Liao S F, et al. Multifunctional conductive hydrogel interface for bioelectronic recording and stimulation. Adv Healthc Mater, 2024, 13(22): 2400562 doi: 10.1002/adhm.202400562
[39]
Sun S K, Xu M, Zhao Y W, et al. Nucleobase-modified adhesive and conductive hydrogel interface for bioelectronics. ACS Appl Nano Mater, 2023, 6(22): 21226 doi: 10.1021/acsanm.3c04282
[40]
Ding J, Chen Z H, Liu X Y, et al. A mechanically adaptive hydrogel neural interface based on silk fibroin for high-efficiency neural activity recording. Mater Horiz, 2022, 9(8): 2215 doi: 10.1039/D2MH00533F
[41]
Fu Y T, Dang X G. Bio-inspired highly stretchable and ultrafast autonomous self-healing supramolecular hydrogel for multifunctional durable self-powered wearable devices. Small, 2025, 21(7): 2408640 doi: 10.1002/smll.202408640
[42]
Wu X Y, Ge H R, Zhao W, et al. Multi-functional 3D printed hydrogel electrodes for brain-computer interfaces and wearable sensing. J Colloid Interface Sci, 2026, 704: 139418 doi: 10.1016/j.jcis.2025.139418
[43]
Dang X G, Fu Y T, Wang X C. Versatile biomass-based injectable photothermal hydrogel for integrated regenerative wound healing and skin bioelectronics. Adv Funct Mater, 2024, 34(42): 2405745 doi: 10.1002/adfm.202405745
[44]
Yu J W, Wan R T, Tian F J, et al. 3D printing of robust high-performance conducting polymer hydrogel-based electrical bioadhesive interface for soft bioelectronics. Small, 2024, 20(19): 2308778 doi: 10.1002/smll.202308778
[45]
Wan R T, Yu J W, Quan Z Y, et al. A reusable, healable, and biocompatible PEDOT: PSS hydrogel-based electrical bioadhesive interface for high-resolution electromyography monitoring and time–frequency analysis. Chem Eng J, 2024, 490: 151454 doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2024.151454
[46]
Liang Q C, Wang Y, Wang R Z, et al. All-hydrogel-based organic electrochemical transistors for implantable physiological signal monitoring. Adv Sci, 2026, 13(16): e17375 doi: 10.1002/advs.202517375
[47]
Gao Q, Sun F Q, Li Y, et al. Biological tissue-inspired ultrasoft, ultrathin, and mechanically enhanced microfiber composite hydrogel for flexible bioelectronics. Nano Micro Lett, 2023, 15(1): 139 doi: 10.1007/s40820-023-01096-4

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    Received: 15 April 2026 Revised: 29 May 2026 Online: Accepted Manuscript: 17 June 2026

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      Mingxu Wang, Jun Ma, Jixiao Guo, Cunkai Zhou, Changlei Ge, Yuchen Zhou, Yongfeng Wang, Mingming Hao, Lianhui Li, Ting Zhang. A wearable hydrogel-based EEG patch device for human fatigue assessment[J]. Journal of Semiconductors, 2026, In Press. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/26040024 ****M X Wang, J Ma, J X Guo, C K Zhou, C L Ge, Y C Zhou, Y F Wang, M M Hao, L H Li, and T Zhang, A wearable hydrogel-based EEG patch device for human fatigue assessment[J]. J. Semicond., 2026, accepted doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/26040024
      Citation:
      Mingxu Wang, Jun Ma, Jixiao Guo, Cunkai Zhou, Changlei Ge, Yuchen Zhou, Yongfeng Wang, Mingming Hao, Lianhui Li, Ting Zhang. A wearable hydrogel-based EEG patch device for human fatigue assessment[J]. Journal of Semiconductors, 2026, In Press. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/26040024 ****
      M X Wang, J Ma, J X Guo, C K Zhou, C L Ge, Y C Zhou, Y F Wang, M M Hao, L H Li, and T Zhang, A wearable hydrogel-based EEG patch device for human fatigue assessment[J]. J. Semicond., 2026, accepted doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/26040024
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      A wearable hydrogel-based EEG patch device for human fatigue assessment

      DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/26040024
      CSTR: 32376.14.1674-4926.26040024
      • 1.

        i-lab, Nano-X Vacuum Interconnected Workstation, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech & Nano-Bionics (SINANO), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Suzhou 215123, China

      • 2.

        School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China

      More Information
      • Mingxu Wang received his doctoral degree from Shinshu University, Ueda, Japan, in 2023. He is currently an associate researcher Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech & Nano-Bionics (SINANO), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS). His current research focuses on biological hydrogel neural interface
      • Jun Ma entered the University of Science and Technology of China in 2023 and is currently pursuing his doctoral degree through the integrated master-PhD program at the Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. His current research focuses on hydrogel-based bioelectronic interfaces and wearable systems
      • Jixiao Guo studied in Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, majoring in materials science and engineering. Now she has guaranteed her research to the Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Her research focuses on Brain Computer Interface
      • Lianhui Li earned his Ph.D. from the University of Science and Technology of China in 2020. He is currently an Associate Professor at Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics (SINANO), Chinese Academy of Sciences. His research focuses on flexible intelligent sensing materials and their applications in brain-computer interfaces and embodied intelligence
      • Ting Zhang got his doctoral degree from University of California, Riverside, America, in 2007. He is currently a full professor of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. His research interests include flexible electronics, biomimetic smart sensing technology, neuromorphic technology, and wearable smart microsystems, as well as exploring their innovative applications in brain-machine interface, embodied intelligence, smart healthcare, and other related fields
      • Corresponding author: lhli2015@sinano.ac.cn; tzhang2009@sinano.ac.cn
      • Received Date: 2026-04-15
      • Revised Date: 2026-05-29
        • Available Online: 2026-06-17

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