J. Semicond. > 2021, Volume 42 > Issue 2 > 023104
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Towards electronic-photonic-converged thermo-optic feedback tuning

Min Tan1, 2, , Kaixuan Ye1, Da Ming1, Yuhang Wang1, Zhicheng Wang1, Li Jin3 and Junbo Feng3

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 Corresponding author: Min Tan, mtan@hust.edu.cn

DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/42/2/023104

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Abstract: As Moore’s law approaching its end, electronics is hitting its power, bandwidth, and capacity limits. Photonics is able to overcome the performance limits of electronics but lacks practical photonic register and flexible control. Combining electronics and photonics provides the best of both worlds and is widely regarded as an important post-Moore’s direction. For stability and dynamic operations considerations, feedback tuning of photonic devices is required. For silicon photonics, the thermo-optic effect is the most frequently used tuning mechanism due to the advantages of high efficiency and low loss. However, it brings new design requirements, creating new design challenges. Emerging applications, such as optical phased array, optical switches, and optical neural networks, employ a large number of photonic devices, making PCB tuning solutions no longer suitable. Electronic-photonic-converged solutions with compact footprints will play an important role in system scalability. In this paper, we present a unified model for thermo-optic feedback tuning that can be specialized to different applications, review its recent advances, and discuss its future trends.

Key words: power management IC, integrated photonics, electronic-photonic convergence, thermo-optic tuning, feedback



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Fig. 1.  (Color online) (a) The convergence of electronics and photonics. (b) Design hierarchy of electronic-photonic convergence[2].

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Fig. 2.  (Color online) The unified model of a thermo-optic feedback tuning system.

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Fig. 3.  (Color online) TOPS structures of (a) conventional[6], (b) air-trench[7], (c) multi-bend[8], and (d) multi-pass[9].

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Fig. 4.  Block diagrams of (a) multiple LDOs and (b) a TDM LDO that drives multiple TOPS.

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Fig. 5.  Driving the TOPS with (a) DAC and (b) PWM generator.

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Fig. 6.  (Color online) (a) Cross-section of a photoconductive n-doped silicon waveguide and its integration into a ring resonator to form an IRPH. (b) I–V characteristics of an IRPH with the input laser turned off and on. (c) Calibrated drop-port transmission and photocurrent of a single ring resonator filter relative to its resonance wavelength[35].

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Fig. 7.  (Color online) Left: Cross-section of the Si core waveguide, with the CLIPP electrode deposited on top of the SiO2 cladding. Right: Longitudinal profile of the Si waveguide showing the CLIPP equivalent circuit in the electrical domain[39].

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Fig. 8.  (Color online) Operating principle of a pipelined TDM scheme[51].

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Fig. 9.  (Color online) The general model for thermo-optic feedback wavelength control of a high-order MR filter.

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Fig. 10.  (Color online) The general model for thermo-optic feedback wavelength locking of an MR modulator.

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Fig. 11.  Bias control schemes. (a) Output power monitor method. (b) Dithering method. (c) OMA monitor methods.

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Fig. 12.  The general model for feedback polarization control.

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Fig. 13.  (Color online) The proof-of-concept prototype in Ref. [69].

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Fig. 14.  (Color online) A tunable WDM polarization-independent receiver with active polarization control[74].

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Fig. 15.  The general model for the closed-loop optical phased array.

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Table 1.   Summary of TOPS designs.

Ref. Undercut Heater Pπ (mW) Size (µm2) Bandwidth (kHz) Loss (dB) Resistance (Ω)
[7] Yes TiN 0.4 500 × 20 0.2 0.55 –
[8] No Ti 3.0 67 × 28 39 0.9 –
[9] No Metal 1.7 880 × 365 53.8 6 –
[13] No TiN 2.56 109 × 21 10.1 1.23 249.5
[14] No TiN 21.4 320 × 2.5 62.5 < 0.4 540
No N++Si 22.8 320 × 2.0 159 < 0.4 1100
DownLoad: CSV

Table 2.   Summary of wavelength control of MR filters.

Ref. Monitor Controller PMC TOPS Photonic device Integration method
[52] Photodiode Lock to Max. PCB solution Doping heater 5-order MR filter PCB
[34, 35] IRPHs Lock to Ref. PCB solution Doping heater 4-order MR filter PCB/Computer
[54] Photodiode Lock to Min. PCB solution Metal heater 3-order MR filter PCB
[55] Photodiode Lock to Max. PWM Doping heater Single MR filter Monolithic
DownLoad: CSV

Table 3.   Summary of wavelength locking of a Si MR Modulator.

Ref. Monitor Controller PMC TOPS Photonic device Integration method
[45] Photodiode Lock to Ref./Average power detection DAC Doping heater Depletion MRM Wire-bonding
[56] Photodiode Lock to Ref./Average power detection PCB solution Metal heater Depletion MRM Off-chip
[28] Photodiode Lock to Max./OMA maximum DAC Metal heater Depletion MRM Flip-chip
[46] Photodiode Lock to Ref./Eye maximum DAC c-Si heater Depletion MRM Monolithic
[33] Photodiode/Temperature sensor Lock to Ref./OMA maximum DAC Doping heater Depletion MRM Monolithic
[57] Photodiode Lock to Ref./OMA maximum Power DAC Metal heater Depletion MRM Cu-pillar 3D integration
DownLoad: CSV

Table 4.   Summary of bias control schemes.

Ref. Monitor Controller PMC TOPS Photonic device Integration method
[63] Photodiode (power detection) Lock to Ref PCB solution – LiNbO3 MZM Computer
[64] Photodiode (power detection) Lock to Ref PCB solution – LiNbO3 MZM PCB
[50, 65] Photodiode (dithering detection) Lock to Ref PCB solution – LiNbO3 MZM Computer
[62] Photodiode (dithering detection) Lock to Ref PCB solution Metal heater Silicon MZM PCB
[66] Photodiode (OMA detection) Max search Charge pump – LiNbO3 MZM Integrated controller
[67] Photodiode OMA + power detection) Max search and PID control DAC – LiNbO3 MZM Integrated controller
DownLoad: CSV

Table 5.   Summary of feedback polarization control schemes.

Ref. Monitor Controller PMC TOPS Photonic device Integration method
[69] Powermeter Manual – Metal heater 2DGC/3 dB coupler –
[71] Photodiode Min search PCB solution Metal heater Edge coupler/PSR/TOPS/3 dB coupler/PD Computer
[70] Photodiode Min search1 PCB solution – 2DGC/GC/OTPS/MMI/PD Computer
[73] Photodiode Min search2 PCB solution Metal heater Edge coupler/TOPS/PSR/3 dB asymmetric coupler/PD Computer
[74] Photodiode Min search3 PCB solution Metal heater Edge coupler/TOPS/PSR/3 dB coupler/Micro-ring/Crossing/PD Computer
1. GLD control algorithm.
2. Two-point step size gradient descent-based and two-stage optimization method-based control algorithms.
3. Two-point step size gradient descent-based control algorithms.
DownLoad: CSV

Table 6.   Summary of the optical phased arrays.

Ref. Monitor Controller PMC TOPS Photonic device Integration method
[4] Powermeter – DAC Metal heater Grating coupler optical antenna Monolithic
[76] IR camera – PWM driver Doping heater Grating coupler optical antenna Integrated drivers
[77] Photodetector – DAC Doping heater Apodized grating antenna 3D Integrated
[78] IR camera – PCB solution Metal heater Grating coupler optical antenna PCB
[79] Photodetector – DAC Doping heater Grating coupler optical antenna Monolithic
[81] IR CCD Gradient-search algorithm – Doping heater Emitter –
[82] IR CCD Interference technique – – Grating coupler optical antenna –
[83] Photodetector DSGD2 DAC – Emitter –
DownLoad: CSV
[1]
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    Received: 19 November 2020 Revised: 28 December 2020 Online: Accepted Manuscript: 18 January 2021Uncorrected proof: 21 January 2021Published: 08 February 2021

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      Article Navigation >  Journal of Semiconductors  > 2021  >  42(2): 023104
      Min Tan, Kaixuan Ye, Da Ming, Yuhang Wang, Zhicheng Wang, Li Jin, Junbo Feng. Towards electronic-photonic-converged thermo-optic feedback tuning[J]. Journal of Semiconductors, 2021, 42(2): 023104. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/42/2/023104 ****M Tan, K X Ye, D Ming, Y H Wang, Z C Wang, L Jin, J B Feng, Towards electronic-photonic-converged thermo-optic feedback tuning[J]. J. Semicond., 2021, 42(2): 023104. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/42/2/023104.
      Citation:
      Min Tan, Kaixuan Ye, Da Ming, Yuhang Wang, Zhicheng Wang, Li Jin, Junbo Feng. Towards electronic-photonic-converged thermo-optic feedback tuning[J]. Journal of Semiconductors, 2021, 42(2): 023104. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/42/2/023104 ****
      M Tan, K X Ye, D Ming, Y H Wang, Z C Wang, L Jin, J B Feng, Towards electronic-photonic-converged thermo-optic feedback tuning[J]. J. Semicond., 2021, 42(2): 023104. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/42/2/023104.
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      Towards electronic-photonic-converged thermo-optic feedback tuning

      DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/42/2/023104
      • 1.

        School of Electronic and Optical Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China

      • 2.

        Wuhan National Laboratory of Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China

      • 3.

        United Microelectronics Center, Chongqing 400030, China

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      • Min Tan：received the Ph.D. degree from The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology in 2015. In 2016, he joined the Huazhong University of Science and Technology, where he is currently a Professor with the School of Electronic and Optical Information. His current research interests include circuit-level convergence of electronics and photonics
      • Corresponding author: mtan@hust.edu.cn
      • Received Date: 2020-11-19
      • Revised Date: 2020-12-28
      • Published Date: 2021-02-10

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