J. Semicond. > 2022, Volume 43 > Issue 7 > 070201

RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS

Star polymer donors

Jiamin Cao1, , Guangan Nie1, Lixiu Zhang2 and Liming Ding2,

+ Author Affiliations

 Corresponding author: Jiamin Cao, jiamincao@hnust.edu.cn; Liming Ding, ding@nanoctr.cn

DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/43/7/070201

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Organic solar cells (OSCs) as a promising photovoltaic technology have attracted great attention due to its unique advantages, such as solution processing, low cost, lightweight and excellent mechanical flexibility[1-5]. Conventional OSCs always employ fullerene derivatives, e.g. PC61BM, PC71BM and IC70BA, as electron acceptors. Fullerene derivatives present weak absorption in the visible region, while polymer donors show excellent light-harvesting ability in the visible and even near-infrared (NIR) regions. Many medium- or low-bandgap polymer donors have been developed for complementary absorption, and the power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) for fullerene-based OSCs reach ~12%[6, 7].

In 2015, a nonfullerene acceptor (NFA) ITIC was reported by Zhan et al., bringing OSC to a new era. Many efficient NFAs have been developed, and the PCEs of solar cells have soared to ~19%[1, 2]. NFAs always exhibit much low optical bandgap with strong absorption in 600–900 nm, so the development of wide-bandgap (WBG) polymer donors with good light-harvesting ability in 400–700 nm is desirable[8-12]. The pairing of WBG polymer donors and low-bandgap (LBG) NFAs presents reduced voltage loss (Vloss), and the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) offset between donor and acceptor can be very small, even close to zero[2, 3].

BDTT is one of the best building blocks in constructing D-A conjugated polymers[13]. The two-dimensional conjugated structure and weak electron-donating ability endow its copolymers with good hole mobilities and low HOMO energy levels. In 2015, Hou et al. reported PM6 (PBDB-TF), and its fullerene solar cells gave a 9.2% PCE (Fig. 1). PM6 offered over 18% PCE when blending with Y-series NFAs[13]. PM6 works very well with most NFAs, and has become one of the best commercial polymer donors. In addition, the chlorinated derivative PM7 (PBDB-TCl) achieved over 17% PCE in PM7:Y6 cells[14]. What's more, some donor or acceptor units as the third component were introduced into PM6. Efficient terpolymer donors were obtained by using random D-A copolymerization to tune the energy levels and absorption. Li et al. introduced an electron-withdrawing unit 2,5-bis(4-(2-ethylhexyl)thiophen-2-yl)pyrazine into PM6 backbone to get a D-A1-D-A2 type terpolymer PMZ-10. PMZ-10:Y6 solar cells gave a PCE of 18.23%[15].

Fig. 1.  (Color online) The chemical structures for representative polymer donors and the PCEs.
DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

In 2020, Ding et al. reported a milestone WBG polymer donor D18 based on DTBT unit with large molecular plane and strong electron-withdrawing capability[1, 16]. D18:Y6 cells offered a PCE of 18.22%, with an open-circuit voltage (Voc) of 0.859 V, a short-circuit current density (Jsc) of 27.70 mA/cm2 and a FF of 76.6%, which was the first report on single-junction OSCs with over 18% efficiency[1]. Then, the chlorinated analogue D18-Cl was reported. D18-Cl:N3 cells and D18-Cl:N3:PC61BM cells delivered PCEs of 18.13% and 18.69%, respectively[17, 18]. Later, D18-B and D18-Cl-B were also developed via side-chain engineering. D18-B:N3:PC61BM and D18-Cl-B:N3:PC61BM cells offered PCEs of 18.53% and 18.74%, respectively[19]. D18 derivatives have been developed and present good performance[20, 21].

Hou et al. reported two dithieno[3,2-f:2′,3′-h]quinoxaline (DTQx)-based polymer donors PBQx-TF and PBQx-TCl with fluorinated or chlorinated BDTT as the donor units[22, 23]. 19.0% and 18.0% PCEs were achieved for PBQx-TF:F-BTA3:eC9-2Cl and PBQx-TCl:BTA3:BTP-eC9 cells, respectively. Very recently, Hou et al. developed a WBG polymer donor PB2F containing fluorinated BDTT and 1,3,4-thiadiazole units with a very deep HOMO level of –5.64 eV. PB2F:PM6:BTP-eC9 cells gave a PCE of 18.6%[24].

The polymer donors mentioned above are based on BDTT donor unit, and they need complex syntheses. Li et al. reported a low-cost polymer donor PTQ10 with thiophene and 6,7-difluoro-2-(2-hexyldecyloxy)quinoxaline units, which was synthesized from commercial materials via a two-step synthesis (yield 87.4%). PTQ10:BTP-FTh:IDIC cells demonstrated a PCE of 19.05%[2].

Currently, most efficient polymer donors are synthesized through multi-step reactions, exhibiting high cost. Cheap and high-performance polymer donors well matching those LBG NFAs are needed[25-30]. We are expecting single-junction OSCs with >20% PCE.

J. Cao thanks the National Natural Science Foundation of China (21604021), Hunan Provincial Natural Science Foundation (2018JJ3141), and the Innovation Team of Huxiang High-level Talent Gathering Engineering (2021RC5028). L. Ding thanks the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2017YFA0206600), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (51922032 and 21961160720), and the open research fund of Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory (2021SLABFK02) for financial support.



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[2]
Chong K, Xu X, Meng H, et al. Realizing 19.05% efficiency polymer solar cells by progressively improving charge extraction and suppressing charge recombination. Adv Mater, 2022, 34, 2109516 doi: 10.1002/adma.202109516
[3]
Zeng Y, Li D, Xiao Z, et al. Exploring the charge dynamics and energy loss in ternary organic solar cells with a fill factor exceeding 80%. Adv Energy Mater, 2021, 11, 2101338 doi: 10.1002/aenm.202101338
[4]
Li D, Zeng Y, Chen Z, et al. Investigating the reason for high FF from ternary organic solar cells. J Semicond, 2021, 42, 090501 doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/42/9/090501
[5]
Luo Y, Chen X, Xiao Z, et al. A large-bandgap copolymer donor for efficient ternary organic solar cells. Mater Chem Front, 2021, 5, 6139 doi: 10.1039/D1QM00835H
[6]
Duan C, Ding L. The new era for organic solar cells: non-fullerene small molecular acceptors. Sci Bull, 2020, 65, 1231 doi: 10.1016/j.scib.2020.04.030
[7]
Cao J, Yi L, Ding L. The origin and evolution of Y6 structure. J Semicond, 2022, 43, 030202 doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/43/3/030202
[8]
Wang J, Gao Y, Xiao Z, et al. A wide-bandgap copolymer donor based on a phenanthridin-6(5H)-one unit. Mater Chem Front, 2019, 3, 2686 doi: 10.1039/C9QM00622B
[9]
Wang T, Qin J, Xiao Z, et al. A 2.16 eV bandgap polymer donor gives 16% power conversion efficiency. Sci Bull, 2020, 65, 179 doi: 10.1016/j.scib.2019.11.030
[10]
Xiong J, Xu J, Jiang Y, et al. Fused-ring bislactone building blocks for polymer donors. Sci Bull, 2020, 65, 1792 doi: 10.1016/j.scib.2020.07.018
[11]
Jiang Y, Jin K, Chen X, et al. Post-sulphuration enhances the performance of a lactone polymer donor. J Semicond, 2021, 42, 070501 doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/42/7/070501
[12]
Ou Z, Qin J, Jin K, et al. Engineering of the alkyl chain branching point on a lactone polymer donor yields 17.81% efficiency. J Mater Chem A, 2022, 10, 3314 doi: 10.1039/D1TA10233H
[13]
Zheng Z, Yao H, Ye L, et al. PBDB-T and its derivatives: A family of polymer donors enables over 17% efficiency in organic photovoltaics. Mater Today, 2020, 35, 115 doi: 10.1016/j.mattod.2019.10.023
[14]
Ma R, Liu T, Luo Z, et al. Improving open-circuit voltage by a chlorinated polymer donor endows binary organic solar cells efficiencies over 17%. Sci China Chem, 2020, 63, 325 doi: 10.1007/s11426-019-9669-3
[15]
Zhou L, Meng L, Zhang J, et al. Introducing low-cost pyrazine unit into terpolymer enables high-performance polymer solar cells with efficiency of 18.23%. Adv Funct Mater, 2022, 32, 2109271 doi: 10.1002/adfm.202109271
[16]
Wang Z, Peng Z, Xiao Z, et al. Thermodynamic properties and molecular packing explain performance and processing procedures of three D18:NFA organic solar cells. Adv Mater, 2020, 32, 2005386 doi: 10.1002/adma.202005386
[17]
Qin J, Zhang L, Zuo C, et al. A chlorinated copolymer donor demonstrates a 18.13% power conversion efficiency. J Semicond, 2021, 42, 010501 doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/42/1/010501
[18]
Jin K, Xiao Z, Ding L. 18.69% PCE from organic solar cells. J Semicond, 2021, 42, 060502 doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/42/6/060502
[19]
Meng X, Jin K, Xiao Z, et al. Side chain engineering on D18 polymers yields 18.74% power conversion efficiency. J Semicond, 2021, 42, 100501 doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/42/10/100501
[20]
Li X, Xu J, Xiao Z, et al. Dithieno[3',2':3,4;2'',3'':5, 6]benzo[1,2-c][1,2,5]oxadiazole-based polymer donors with deep HOMO levels. J Semicond, 2021, 42, 060501 doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/42/6/060501
[21]
Sun A, Xu J, Zong G, et al. A wide-bandgap copolymer donor with a 5-methyl-4H-dithieno[3,2-e:2',3'-g]isoindole-4,6(5H)-dione unit. J Semicond, 2021, 42, 100502 doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/42/10/100502
[22]
Cui Y, Xu Y, Yao H, et al. Single-junction organic photovoltaic cell with 19% efficiency. Adv Mater, 2021, 33, 2102420 doi: 10.1002/adma.202102420
[23]
Xu Y, Cui Y, Yao H, et al. A new conjugated polymer that enables the integration of photovoltaic and light-emitting functions in one device. Adv Mater, 2021, 33, 2101090 doi: 10.1002/adma.202101090
[24]
Zhang T, An C, Bi P, et al. A thiadiazole-based conjugated polymer with ultradeep HOMO level and strong electroluminescence enables 18.6% efficiency in organic solar cell. Adv Energy Mater, 2021, 11, 2101705 doi: 10.1002/aenm.202101705
[25]
Duan C, Ding L. The new era for organic solar cells: polymer donors. Sci Bull, 2020, 65, 1422 doi: 10.1016/j.scib.2020.04.044
[26]
Qin J, Zhang L, Xiao Z, et al. Over 16% efficiency from thick-film organic solar cells. Sci Bull, 2020, 65, 1979 doi: 10.1016/j.scib.2020.08.027
[27]
Xu J, Sun A, Xiao Z, et al. Efficient wide-bandgap copolymer donor with reduced synthesis cost. J Mater Chem C, 2021, 9, 16187 doi: 10.1039/D1TC01746B
[28]
Yang X, Ding L. Organic semiconductors: commercialization and market. J Semicond, 2021, 42, 090201 doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/42/9/090201
[29]
Jin K, Ou Z, Zhang L, et al. A chlorinated lactone polymer donor featuring high performance and low cost. J Semicond, 2022, 43, 050501 doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/43/5/050501
[30]
Tong Y, Xiao Z, Du X, et al. Progress of the key materials for organic solar cells. Sci China Chem, 2020, 63, 758 doi: 10.1007/s11426-020-9726-0
Fig. 1.  (Color online) The chemical structures for representative polymer donors and the PCEs.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint
[1]
Liu Q, Jiang Y, Jin K, et al. 18% Efficiency organic solar cells. Sci Bull, 2020, 65, 272 doi: 10.1016/j.scib.2020.01.001
[2]
Chong K, Xu X, Meng H, et al. Realizing 19.05% efficiency polymer solar cells by progressively improving charge extraction and suppressing charge recombination. Adv Mater, 2022, 34, 2109516 doi: 10.1002/adma.202109516
[3]
Zeng Y, Li D, Xiao Z, et al. Exploring the charge dynamics and energy loss in ternary organic solar cells with a fill factor exceeding 80%. Adv Energy Mater, 2021, 11, 2101338 doi: 10.1002/aenm.202101338
[4]
Li D, Zeng Y, Chen Z, et al. Investigating the reason for high FF from ternary organic solar cells. J Semicond, 2021, 42, 090501 doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/42/9/090501
[5]
Luo Y, Chen X, Xiao Z, et al. A large-bandgap copolymer donor for efficient ternary organic solar cells. Mater Chem Front, 2021, 5, 6139 doi: 10.1039/D1QM00835H
[6]
Duan C, Ding L. The new era for organic solar cells: non-fullerene small molecular acceptors. Sci Bull, 2020, 65, 1231 doi: 10.1016/j.scib.2020.04.030
[7]
Cao J, Yi L, Ding L. The origin and evolution of Y6 structure. J Semicond, 2022, 43, 030202 doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/43/3/030202
[8]
Wang J, Gao Y, Xiao Z, et al. A wide-bandgap copolymer donor based on a phenanthridin-6(5H)-one unit. Mater Chem Front, 2019, 3, 2686 doi: 10.1039/C9QM00622B
[9]
Wang T, Qin J, Xiao Z, et al. A 2.16 eV bandgap polymer donor gives 16% power conversion efficiency. Sci Bull, 2020, 65, 179 doi: 10.1016/j.scib.2019.11.030
[10]
Xiong J, Xu J, Jiang Y, et al. Fused-ring bislactone building blocks for polymer donors. Sci Bull, 2020, 65, 1792 doi: 10.1016/j.scib.2020.07.018
[11]
Jiang Y, Jin K, Chen X, et al. Post-sulphuration enhances the performance of a lactone polymer donor. J Semicond, 2021, 42, 070501 doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/42/7/070501
[12]
Ou Z, Qin J, Jin K, et al. Engineering of the alkyl chain branching point on a lactone polymer donor yields 17.81% efficiency. J Mater Chem A, 2022, 10, 3314 doi: 10.1039/D1TA10233H
[13]
Zheng Z, Yao H, Ye L, et al. PBDB-T and its derivatives: A family of polymer donors enables over 17% efficiency in organic photovoltaics. Mater Today, 2020, 35, 115 doi: 10.1016/j.mattod.2019.10.023
[14]
Ma R, Liu T, Luo Z, et al. Improving open-circuit voltage by a chlorinated polymer donor endows binary organic solar cells efficiencies over 17%. Sci China Chem, 2020, 63, 325 doi: 10.1007/s11426-019-9669-3
[15]
Zhou L, Meng L, Zhang J, et al. Introducing low-cost pyrazine unit into terpolymer enables high-performance polymer solar cells with efficiency of 18.23%. Adv Funct Mater, 2022, 32, 2109271 doi: 10.1002/adfm.202109271
[16]
Wang Z, Peng Z, Xiao Z, et al. Thermodynamic properties and molecular packing explain performance and processing procedures of three D18:NFA organic solar cells. Adv Mater, 2020, 32, 2005386 doi: 10.1002/adma.202005386
[17]
Qin J, Zhang L, Zuo C, et al. A chlorinated copolymer donor demonstrates a 18.13% power conversion efficiency. J Semicond, 2021, 42, 010501 doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/42/1/010501
[18]
Jin K, Xiao Z, Ding L. 18.69% PCE from organic solar cells. J Semicond, 2021, 42, 060502 doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/42/6/060502
[19]
Meng X, Jin K, Xiao Z, et al. Side chain engineering on D18 polymers yields 18.74% power conversion efficiency. J Semicond, 2021, 42, 100501 doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/42/10/100501
[20]
Li X, Xu J, Xiao Z, et al. Dithieno[3',2':3,4;2'',3'':5, 6]benzo[1,2-c][1,2,5]oxadiazole-based polymer donors with deep HOMO levels. J Semicond, 2021, 42, 060501 doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/42/6/060501
[21]
Sun A, Xu J, Zong G, et al. A wide-bandgap copolymer donor with a 5-methyl-4H-dithieno[3,2-e:2',3'-g]isoindole-4,6(5H)-dione unit. J Semicond, 2021, 42, 100502 doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/42/10/100502
[22]
Cui Y, Xu Y, Yao H, et al. Single-junction organic photovoltaic cell with 19% efficiency. Adv Mater, 2021, 33, 2102420 doi: 10.1002/adma.202102420
[23]
Xu Y, Cui Y, Yao H, et al. A new conjugated polymer that enables the integration of photovoltaic and light-emitting functions in one device. Adv Mater, 2021, 33, 2101090 doi: 10.1002/adma.202101090
[24]
Zhang T, An C, Bi P, et al. A thiadiazole-based conjugated polymer with ultradeep HOMO level and strong electroluminescence enables 18.6% efficiency in organic solar cell. Adv Energy Mater, 2021, 11, 2101705 doi: 10.1002/aenm.202101705
[25]
Duan C, Ding L. The new era for organic solar cells: polymer donors. Sci Bull, 2020, 65, 1422 doi: 10.1016/j.scib.2020.04.044
[26]
Qin J, Zhang L, Xiao Z, et al. Over 16% efficiency from thick-film organic solar cells. Sci Bull, 2020, 65, 1979 doi: 10.1016/j.scib.2020.08.027
[27]
Xu J, Sun A, Xiao Z, et al. Efficient wide-bandgap copolymer donor with reduced synthesis cost. J Mater Chem C, 2021, 9, 16187 doi: 10.1039/D1TC01746B
[28]
Yang X, Ding L. Organic semiconductors: commercialization and market. J Semicond, 2021, 42, 090201 doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/42/9/090201
[29]
Jin K, Ou Z, Zhang L, et al. A chlorinated lactone polymer donor featuring high performance and low cost. J Semicond, 2022, 43, 050501 doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/43/5/050501
[30]
Tong Y, Xiao Z, Du X, et al. Progress of the key materials for organic solar cells. Sci China Chem, 2020, 63, 758 doi: 10.1007/s11426-020-9726-0
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    Jiamin Cao, Guangan Nie, Lixiu Zhang, Liming Ding. Star polymer donors[J]. Journal of Semiconductors, 2022, 43(7): 070201. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/43/7/070201
    J M Cao, G A Nie, L X Zhang, L M Ding. Star polymer donors[J]. J. Semicond, 2022, 43(7): 070201. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/43/7/070201
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    Received: 13 April 2022 Revised: Online: Accepted Manuscript: 18 April 2022Uncorrected proof: 18 April 2022Published: 01 July 2022

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      Article Navigation >  Journal of Semiconductors  > 2022  >  43(7): 070201
      Jiamin Cao, Guangan Nie, Lixiu Zhang, Liming Ding. Star polymer donors[J]. Journal of Semiconductors, 2022, 43(7): 070201. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/43/7/070201 ****J M Cao, G A Nie, L X Zhang, L M Ding. Star polymer donors[J]. J. Semicond, 2022, 43(7): 070201. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/43/7/070201
      Citation:
      Jiamin Cao, Guangan Nie, Lixiu Zhang, Liming Ding. Star polymer donors[J]. Journal of Semiconductors, 2022, 43(7): 070201. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/43/7/070201 ****
      J M Cao, G A Nie, L X Zhang, L M Ding. Star polymer donors[J]. J. Semicond, 2022, 43(7): 070201. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/43/7/070201
      shu

      Star polymer donors

      DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/43/7/070201
      • 1.

        Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Functional Molecule (MoE), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China

      • 2.

        Center for Excellence in Nanoscience (CAS), Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication (CAS), National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China

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      • Jiamin Cao：got his PhD from National Center for Nanoscience and Technology in 2015 under the supervision of Professor Liming Ding. He was a visiting scholar in Ergang Wang Group at Chalmers University of Technology in 2018–2019. Now he is an associate professor in Hunan University of Science and Technology. His research focuses on organic optoelectronics
      • Guangan Nie：obtained his BS in 2021. Now he is a master student at Hunan University of Science and Technology. His research focuses on organic solar cells
      • Lixiu Zhang：got her BS degree from Soochow University in 2019. Now she is a PhD student at University of Chinese Academy of Sciences under the supervision of Prof. Liming Ding. Her research focuses on innovative materials and devices
      • Liming Ding：got his PhD from University of Science and Technology of China (was a joint student at Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, CAS). He started his research on OSCs and PLEDs in Olle Ingans Lab in 1998. Later on, he worked at National Center for Polymer Research, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base and Argonne National Lab (USA). He joined Konarka as a Senior Scientist in 2008. In 2010, he joined National Center for Nanoscience and Technology as a full professor. His research focuses on innovative materials and devices. He is RSC Fellow, the nominator for Xplorer Prize, and the Associate Editor for Journal of Semiconductors
      • Corresponding author: jiamincao@hnust.edu.cn; ding@nanoctr.cn
      • Received Date: 2022-04-13
        Available Online: 2022-04-18

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