J. Semicond. > 2023, Volume 44 > Issue 12 > 122702

ARTICLES

Green synthesis of three-dimensional magnesium ferrite/titanium dioxide/reduced graphene from Garcinia mangostana extract for crystal violet photodegradation and antibacterial activity

Tong Hoang Lin1, 2, 3, Che Quang Cong1, 2, 3, Nguyen Thanh Hoai Nam1, 2, 3, Hoang An1, 2, 3, Nguyen Duy Hai1, 2, 3, Ton That Buu1, 2, 3, Thoi Le Nhat Binh1, 2, 3, Hoang Le Minh1, 2, 3, Lam Thanh Ngan1, 2, 3, Hoang Thuy Kim Ngan1, 2, 3, Du Chi Vi1, 2, 3, Ta Dang Khoa2, 3 and Nguyen Huu Hieu1, 2, 3,

+ Author Affiliations

 Corresponding author: Nguyen Huu Hieu, nhhieubk@hcmut.edu.vn

DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/44/12/122702

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Abstract: In this study, three-dimensional porous magnesium ferrite/titanium dioxide/reduced graphene oxide (MgFe2O4-GM/TiO2/rGO (MGTG)) was successfully synthesized via green and hydrothermal-supported co-precipitation methods using the extract of Garcinia mangostana (G. mangostana) as a reducing agent. The characterization results indicate the successful formation of the nano/micro MgFe2O4 (MFO) and TiO2 on the structure of the reduced graphene oxide (rGO), which can also act as efficient support, alleviating the agglomeration of the nano/micro MFO and TiO2. The synergic effects of the adsorption and photodegradation activity of the material were investigated according to the removal of crystal violet (CV) under ultraviolet light. The effects of catalyst dosage, CV concentration, and pH on the CV removal efficiency of the MGTG were also investigated. According to the results, the CV photodegradation of the MGTG-200 corresponded to the pseudo-first-order kinetic model. The reusability of the material after 10 cycles also showed a removal efficiency of 92%. This happened because the materials can easily be recollected using external magnets. In addition, according to the effects of different free radicals · O2, h+, and · OH on the photodegradation process, the photocatalysis mechanism of the MGTG was also thoroughly suggested. The antibacterial efficiency of the MGTG was also evaluated according to the inhibition of the Gram-positive bacteria strain Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). Concurrently, the antibacterial mechanism of the fabricated material was also proposed. These results confirm that the prepared material can be potentially employed in a wide range of applications, including wastewater treatment and antibacterial activity.

Key words: magnesium ferritetitanium dioxidereduced graphene oxideGarcinia mangostanaphotodegradationantibacterial



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Fig. 1.  (Color online) The synthesis procedure of MGTG material.

Fig. 2.  (Color online) FE-SEM images of (a) MFO-GM-400, (b) MFO-GM-600, (c) MFO-GM-800, and (d) MGTG-200.

Fig. 3.  (Color online) FTIR spectra of (a) MFO-GM and (b) MGTG materials.

Fig. 4.  (Color online) (a) XRD patterns of MFO-GM and MGTG-200 samples and (b) Raman spectrum of MGTG-200.

Fig. 5.  (Color online) TGA curve of MGTG-200.

Fig. 6.  (Color online) Zeta potential power spectra of (a) MFO-GM-600 and (b) MGTG-200.

Fig. 7.  (Color online) (a) EIS Nyquist and (b) CV curves of MGTG-200 at different scan rates.

Fig. 8.  (Color online) CV photodegradation yields of MGTG samples.

Fig. 9.  (Color online) Effects of (a) catalyst dose, (b) pH level, and (c) CV concentration on the photocatalytic efficiency of MGTG-200.

Fig. 10.  (Color online) (a) Kinetic studies for the CV photodegradation and (b) recovery and reusability efficiency after 10 cycles of MGTG-200.

Fig. 11.  (Color online) (a) Effects of radical scavengers on CV photocatalytic degradation under UV light and (b) photocatalytic scheme of the MGTG-200 material.

Fig. 12.  (Color online) Inhibition zone diameter of surveyed materials against S. aureus.

Fig. 13.  (Color online) Antibacterial mechanism of the MGTG-200 material.

Table 1.   CV photodegradation efficiency of several materials.

No.MaterialsCatalyst dose (mg)CV concentration (mg/L)Reaction time (min)Photodegradation rate (%)References
1MGTG-200202012099.23This study
2CaCO3/g-C3N4802012076[54]
3SA-g-poly/ZnO/GO1003030094[55]
4AgBiS2/gC3N430206071.81[56]
5KBiO3/g-C3N416204095[57]
DownLoad: CSV

Table 2.   Inhibition zone diameter towards S. aureus of several materials.

No. Materials Material concentration (mg/L) Inhibition zone diameter (mm) References
1 MGTG-200 10 20 This study
2 Se-NPs 62.5 12.2 [63]
3 Ag2S-ZnO/GO 20 12 [64]
4 CeO2/g-C3N4 70 18.9  [65]
5 ZnO/NiO/g-C3N4 400 17 [66]
DownLoad: CSV
[1]
Rajagopal S, Paramasivam B, Muniyasamy K. Photocatalytic removal of cationic and anionic dyes in the textile wastewater by H2O2 assisted TiO2 and micro-cellulose composites. Sep Purif Technol, 2020, 252, 117444 doi: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.117444
[2]
Fatima B, Siddiqui S I, Rajor H K, et al. Photocatalytic removal of organic dye using green synthesized zinc oxide coupled cadmium tungstate nanocomposite under natural solar light irradiation. Environ Res, 2023, 216, 114534 doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114534
[3]
Rahmat M, Rehman A, Rahmat S, et al. Highly efficient removal of crystal violet dye from water by MnO2 based nanofibrous mesh/photocatalytic process. J Mater Res Technol, 2019, 8, 5149 doi: 10.1016/j.jmrt.2019.08.038
[4]
Dargahi M, Masteri-Farahani M, Shahsavarifar S, et al. Microemulsion-mediated preparation of Ce2(MoO4)3 nanoparticles for photocatalytic degradation of crystal violet in aqueous solution. Environ Sci Pollut Res, 2020, 27, 12047 doi: 10.1007/s11356-020-07816-2
[5]
Sanakousar M F, Vidyasagar C C, Jiménez-Pérez V, et al. Efficient photocatalytic degradation of crystal violet dye and electrochemical performance of modified MWCNTs/Cd-ZnO nanoparticles with quantum chemical calculations. J Hazard Mater Adv, 2021, 2, 100004 doi: 10.1016/j.hazadv.2021.100004
[6]
Chen Y A, Xiang Z Y, Wang D S, et al. Effective photocatalytic degradation and physical adsorption of methylene blue using cellulose/GO/TiO2 hydrogels. RSC Adv, 2020, 10, 23936 doi: 10.1039/D0RA04509H
[7]
Spitaleri L, Nicotra G, Zimbone M, et al. Fast and efficient Sun light photocatalytic activity of Au_ZnO core−shell nanoparticles prepared by a one-pot synthesis. ACS Omega, 2019, 4, 15061 doi: 10.1021/acsomega.9b01850
[8]
Xie J A, Wen W, Jin Q, et al. TiO2 nanotrees for the photocatalytic and photoelectrocatalytic phenol degradation. New J Chem, 2019, 43, 11050 doi: 10.1039/C9NJ02219H
[9]
Chimupala Y, Phromma C, Yimklan S, et al. Dye wastewater treatment enabled by piezo-enhanced photocatalysis of single-component ZnO nanoparticles. RSC Adv, 2020, 10, 28567 doi: 10.1039/D0RA04746E
[10]
Zhang P, Xu J K, Wang X J, et al. The third generation of artificial dye-decolorizing peroxidase rationally designed in myoglobin. ACS Catal, 2019, 9, 7888 doi: 10.1021/acscatal.9b02226
[11]
Etman A S, Abdelhamid H N, Yuan Y Y, et al. Facile water-based strategy for synthesizing MoO3− x nanosheets: Efficient visible light photocatalysts for dye degradation. ACS Omega, 2018, 3, 2193 doi: 10.1021/acsomega.8b00012
[12]
Buu T T, Son V H, Nam N T H, et al. Three-dimensional ZnO-TiO2/graphene aerogel for water remediation: The screening studies of adsorption and photodegradation. Ceram Int, 2023, 49, 9868 doi: 10.1016/j.ceramint.2022.11.162
[13]
Uyguner Demirel C S, Birben N C, Bekbolet M. A comprehensive review on the use of second generation TiO2 photocatalysts: Microorganism inactivation. Chemosphere, 2018, 211, 420 doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.07.121
[14]
Giang N T H, Huy L G, Khoi V H, et al. Enhanced photocatalytic activity of titanium dioxide-doped graphene aerogel towards p-nitrophenol removal from aqueous solutions. Mater Technol, 2022, 37, 2445 doi: 10.1080/10667857.2022.2038767
[15]
Yuan X Z, Wang H, Wu Y, et al. A novel SnS2-MgFe2O4/reduced graphene oxide flower-like photocatalyst: Solvothermal synthesis, characterization and improved visible-light photocatalytic activity. Catal Commun, 2015, 61, 62 doi: 10.1016/j.catcom.2014.12.003
[16]
Melia S, Novia D, Juliyarsi I, et al. The characteristics of the pericarp of garcinia mangostana (mangosteen) extract as natural antioxidants in rendang. IOP Conf Ser:Earth Environ Sci, 2019, 287, 012028 doi: 10.1088/1755-1315/287/1/012028
[17]
Apriandanu D O B, Yulizar Y. CuO-bentonite-gold nanocomposites: Facile green preparation and their characterization. Mater Lett, 2021, 284, 128911 doi: 10.1016/j.matlet.2020.128911
[18]
Sari I P, Yulizar Y. Green synthesis of magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles using Graptophyllum pictum leaf aqueous extract. IOP Conf Ser:Mater Sci Eng, 2017, 191, 012014 doi: 10.1088/1757-899X/191/1/012014
[19]
Shahid M, Liu J L, Ali Z, et al. Photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue on magnetically separable MgFe2O4 under visible light irradiation. Mater Chem Phys, 2013, 139, 566 doi: 10.1016/j.matchemphys.2013.01.058
[20]
Tarcan R, Todor-Boer O, Petrovai I, et al. Reduced graphene oxide today. J Mater Chem C, 2020, 8, 1198 doi: 10.1039/C9TC04916A
[21]
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    Received: 28 June 2023 Revised: 04 August 2023 Online: Accepted Manuscript: 26 October 2023Uncorrected proof: 13 November 2023Published: 10 December 2023

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      Tong Hoang Lin, Che Quang Cong, Nguyen Thanh Hoai Nam, Hoang An, Nguyen Duy Hai, Ton That Buu, Thoi Le Nhat Binh, Hoang Le Minh, Lam Thanh Ngan, Hoang Thuy Kim Ngan, Du Chi Vi, Ta Dang Khoa, Nguyen Huu Hieu. Green synthesis of three-dimensional magnesium ferrite/titanium dioxide/reduced graphene from Garcinia mangostana extract for crystal violet photodegradation and antibacterial activity[J]. Journal of Semiconductors, 2023, 44(12): 122702. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/44/12/122702 ****Tong Hoang Lin, Che Quang Cong, Nguyen Thanh Hoai Nam, Hoang An, Nguyen Duy Hai, Ton That Buu, Thoi Le Nhat Binh, Hoang Le Minh, Lam Thanh Ngan, Hoang Thuy Kim Ngan, Du Chi Vi, Ta Dang Khoa, Nguyen Huu Hieu, Green synthesis of three-dimensional magnesium ferrite/titanium dioxide/reduced graphene from Garcinia mangostana extract for crystal violet photodegradation and antibacterial activity[J]. Journal of Semiconductors, 2023, 44(12), 122702 doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/44/12/122702
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      Tong Hoang Lin, Che Quang Cong, Nguyen Thanh Hoai Nam, Hoang An, Nguyen Duy Hai, Ton That Buu, Thoi Le Nhat Binh, Hoang Le Minh, Lam Thanh Ngan, Hoang Thuy Kim Ngan, Du Chi Vi, Ta Dang Khoa, Nguyen Huu Hieu. Green synthesis of three-dimensional magnesium ferrite/titanium dioxide/reduced graphene from Garcinia mangostana extract for crystal violet photodegradation and antibacterial activity[J]. Journal of Semiconductors, 2023, 44(12): 122702. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/44/12/122702 ****
      Tong Hoang Lin, Che Quang Cong, Nguyen Thanh Hoai Nam, Hoang An, Nguyen Duy Hai, Ton That Buu, Thoi Le Nhat Binh, Hoang Le Minh, Lam Thanh Ngan, Hoang Thuy Kim Ngan, Du Chi Vi, Ta Dang Khoa, Nguyen Huu Hieu, Green synthesis of three-dimensional magnesium ferrite/titanium dioxide/reduced graphene from Garcinia mangostana extract for crystal violet photodegradation and antibacterial activity[J]. Journal of Semiconductors, 2023, 44(12), 122702 doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/44/12/122702

      Green synthesis of three-dimensional magnesium ferrite/titanium dioxide/reduced graphene from Garcinia mangostana extract for crystal violet photodegradation and antibacterial activity

      DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/44/12/122702
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      • Tong Hoang Lin received her Bachelor’s degree in 2020 from Ho Chi Minh City University of Industry and Trade and her Master’s degree in 2023 from Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology under the supervision of Assoc. Prof. Nguyen Huu Hieu. Her research focuses on graphene photocatalytic materials
      • Che Quang Cong is currently studying and conducting research at the Key CEPP Laboratory in Chemical Engineering in Ho Chi Minh University of Technology, Viet Nam National University Ho Chi Minh City under the supervision of Assoc. Prof. Nguyen Huu Hieu. His research interests include nanomaterials in photocatalytic application using bio-mediation methodology
      • Hoang An recently received his Bachelor’s degree in chemical engineering from the Ho Chi Minh University of Technology, Viet Nam National University Ho Chi Minh City and currently pursues a Master’s degree in the same institution under the supervision of Assoc. Prof. Nguyen Huu Hieu. His research interests include photocatalyst and composite material, and graphitic carbon nitride-based material
      • Nguyen Duy Hai recently received his Bachelor’s degree in chemical engineering from the Ho Chi Minh University of Technology, Viet Nam National University Ho Chi Minh City and is currently pursuing a Master’s degree in the same institution under the supervision of Assoc. Prof. Nguyen Huu Hieu. His research interests include the fabrication of graphene-based nanocomposites for the application in catalysis, colorimetric detection, and antimicrobial activities
      • Ton That Buu received his Bachelor’s degree in 2021 from University of Science, Viet Nam National University Ho Chi Minh City and his Master’s degree in 2023 from University of Technology under the supervision of Assoc. Prof. Nguyen Huu Hieu. His research focuses on graphene, photocatalytic materials
      • Lam Thanh Ngan is currently studying and conducting research at the Key CEPP Laboratory in Chemical Engineering at Ho Chi Minh University of Technology, Viet Nam National University Ho Chi Minh City under the supervision of Assoc. Prof. Nguyen Huu Hieu. Her research interests include nanomaterials in photocatalytic application
      • Hoang Thuy Kim Ngan is currently studying and conducting research at the Key CEPP Laboratory in Chemical Engineering at Ho Chi Minh University of Technology, Viet Nam National University Ho Chi Minh City under the supervision of Assoc. Prof. Nguyen Huu Hieu. Her research interests include nanomaterials in photocatalytic application
      • Ta Dang Khoa received his doctoral degree from the Chemical Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, in 2012. He is currently associate professor in chemical engineering in Ho Chi Minh University of Technology, Viet Nam National University Ho Chi Minh City. His current research interests include adsorption materials and photodegradation materials
      • Nguyen Huu Hieu received his doctoral degree from Chonbuk National University, Korea, in 2012. He is currently associate professor in chemical engineering in Ho Chi Minh University of Technology, Viet Nam National University Ho Chi Minh City. His current research interests include graphene aerogel, adsorption materials, photodegradation materials
      • Corresponding author: nhhieubk@hcmut.edu.vn
      • Received Date: 2023-06-28
      • Revised Date: 2023-08-04
      • Available Online: 2023-10-26

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