J. Semicond. > 2024, Volume 45 > Issue 2 > 022801

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Efficient flexible dye-sensitized solar cells from rear illumination based on different morphologies of titanium dioxide photoanode

Zhe He1, Gentian Yue1, 2, , Yueyue Gao1, Chen Dong1 and Furui Tan1,

+ Author Affiliations

 Corresponding author: Gentian Yue, yuegentian@126.com; Furui Tan, frtan@henu.edu.cn

DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/45/2/022801

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Abstract: The TiO2 with nanoparticles (NPs), nanowires (NWs), nanorods (NRs) and nanotubes (NTs) structures were prepared by using a in-situ hydrothermal technique, and then proposed as a photoanode for flexible dye-sensitized solar cell (FDSSC). The influences of the morphology of TiO2 on the photovoltaic performances of FDSSCs were investigated. Under rear illumination of 100 mW·cm−2, the power conversion efficiencies of FDSSCs achieved 6.96%, 7.36%, 7.65%, and 7.83% with the TiO2 photoanodes of NPs, NWs, NRs, and NTs and PEDOT counter electrode. The FDSSCs based on TiO2 NRs and NTs photoanodes have higher short circuit current densities and power conversion efficiencies than that of the others. The enhanced power conversion efficiency is responsible for their nanotubes and rod-shaped ordered structures, which are more beneficial to transmission of electron and hole in semiconductor compared to the TiO2 nanoparticles and nanowires disordered structure.

Key words: dye-sensitized solar cells, photoanode, TiO2, morphology



[1]
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[2]
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[3]
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[4]
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[5]
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[7]
Han Z T, Li S S, Li J J, et al. Facile synthesis of ZnO nanowires on FTO glass for dye-sensitized solar cells. J Semicond, 2013, 34, 074002 doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/34/7/074002
[8]
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Cai X F, Zhang P, Wei S H. Revisit of the band gaps of rutile SnO2 and TiO2: A first-principles study. J Semicond, 2019, 40, 092101 doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/40/9/092101
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[13]
Sadhu S, Jaiswal A, Adyanthaya S, et al. Surface chemistry and growth mechanism of highly oriented, single crystalline TiO2 nanorods on transparent conducting oxide coated glass substrates. RSC Adv, 2013, 3, 1933 doi: 10.1039/C2RA21516K
[14]
Sadhu S, Gupta P, Poddar P. Physical mechanism behind enhanced photoelectrochemical and photocatalytic properties of superhydrophilic assemblies of 3D-TiO2 microspheres with arrays of oriented, single-crystalline TiO2 nanowires as building blocks deposited on fluorine-doped tin oxide. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2017, 9, 11202 doi: 10.1021/acsami.6b15420
[15]
Ri J H, Wu S F, Jin J P, et al. Growth of a sea urchin-like rutile TiO2 hierarchical microsphere film on Ti foil for a quasi-solid-state dye-sensitized solar cell. Nanoscale, 2017, 9, 18498 doi: 10.1039/C7NR06360A
[16]
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[17]
Fan K, Li R J, Chen J N, et al. Recent development of dye-sensitized solar cells based on flexible substrates. Sci Adv Mat, 2013, 5, 1596 doi: 10.1166/sam.2013.1615
[18]
Song L X, Yin X, Xie X Y, et al. Highly flexible TiO2/C nanofibrous film for flexible dye-sensitized solar cells as a platinum- and transparent conducting oxide-free flexible counter electrode. Electrochim Acta, 2017, 255, 256 doi: 10.1016/j.electacta.2017.09.180
[19]
He S H, Lan Z, Zhang B, et al. Holistically optimizing charge carrier dynamics enables high-performance dye-sensitized solar cells and photodetectors. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2022, 14, 43576 doi: 10.1021/acsami.2c13009
[20]
Gao X M, Shen Z T, Yue G T, et al. Sodium molybdate-assisted synthesis of a cobalt phosphide hybrid counter electrode for highly efficient dye-sensitized solar cells. ACS Appl Energy Mater, 2021, 4, 3851 doi: 10.1021/acsaem.1c00248
[21]
Du Y, Shen Z, Yue G, et al. CoP@Ni2P microcrystals in situ grown on carbon fiber as counter electrode catalysts for high-efficiency dye-sensitized solar cells. Mater Today Sustain, 2022, 20, 100262 doi: 10.1016/j.mtsust.2022.100262
[22]
He Y, Shen Z T, Yue G T, et al. A dye-sensitized solar cells with enhanced efficiency based on a “pillared effect” of CoMoP2 @Mxene@CNTs composite counter electrode. J Alloys Compd, 2022, 922, 166279 doi: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2022.166279
[23]
Gao M, Shen Z T, Yue G T, et al. One-pot hydrothermal in situ growth of In4SnS8@MoS2@CNTs as efficient Pt-free counter electrodes for dye-sensitized solar cells. J Alloys Compd, 2023, 932, 167643 doi: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2022.167643
[24]
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[25]
Lan Z, Xu X X, Zhang X Z, et al. Low-temperature solution-processed efficient electron-transporting layers based on BF4−-capped TiO2 nanorods for high-performance planar perovskite solar cells. J Mater Chem C, 2018, 6, 334 doi: 10.1039/C7TC04899H
[26]
Chen W C, Yeh M H, Lin L Y, et al. Double-wall TiO2 nanotubes for dye-sensitized solar cells: A study of growth mechanism. ACS Sustainable Chem Eng, 2018, 6, 3907 doi: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.7b04250
[27]
Guo M, Chen J, Zhang J, et al. Coupling plasmonic nanoparticles with TiO2 nanotube photonic crystals for enhanced dye-sensitized solar cells performance. Electrochim Acta, 2018, 263, 373 doi: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.01.039
[28]
Ako R T, Ekanayake P, Lim C M. An analysis of DSSC performance based on nanosphere, nanorod, and nanoparticle anode morphologies. J Appl Phys, 2016, 120, 1089 doi: 10.1063/1.4965961
[29]
Liu Y Y, Ye X Y, An Q Q, et al. A novel synthesis of the bottom-straight and top-bent dual TiO2 nanowires for dye-sensitized solar cells. Adv Powder Technol, 2018, 29, 1455 doi: 10.1016/j.apt.2018.03.008
[30]
Qiu Q Q, Li S, Jiang J J, et al. Improved electron transfer between TiO2 and FTO interface by N-doped anatase TiO2 nanowires and its applications in quantum dot-sensitized solar cells. J Phys Chem C, 2017, 121, 21560 doi: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.7b07795
[31]
Xiao Y M, Wu J H, Yue G T, et al. The preparation of titania nanotubes and its application in flexible dye-sensitized solar cells. Electrochim Acta, 2010, 55, 4573 doi: 10.1016/j.electacta.2010.03.011
[32]
Li K X, Yue G T, Tan F R. A binder-free CF|PANI composite electrode with excellent capacitance for asymmetric supercapacitors. J Semicond, 2023, 44, 032701 doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/44/3/032701
[33]
Liu X Q, Liang Y, Yue G T, et al. A dual function of high efficiency quasi-solid-state flexible dye-sensitized solar cell based on conductive polymer integrated into poly (acrylic acid-co-carbon nanotubes) gel electrolyte. Sol Energy, 2017, 148, 63 doi: 10.1016/j.solener.2017.03.070
[34]
Wu J H, Li Y, Tang Q W, et al. Bifacial dye-sensitized solar cells: A strategy to enhance overall efficiency based on transparent polyaniline electrode. Sci Rep, 2014, 4, 4028 doi: 10.1038/srep04028
[35]
Du Y, Yue G T, Lan Z, et al. A dye-sensitized solar cell based on magnetic CoP@FeP4@Carbon composite counter electrode generated an efficiency of 9.88%. Inorg Chem Front, 2021, 8, 5034 doi: 10.1039/D1QI00935D
[36]
Tang Q W, Zhu W L, He B L, et al. Rapid conversion from carbohydrates to large-scale carbon quantum dots for all-weather solar cells. ACS Nano, 2017, 11, 1540 doi: 10.1021/acsnano.6b06867
Fig. 1.  SEM images of TiO2 (a) NPs, (b) NWs, (c) NRs, and (d) NTs.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint
Fig. 2.  (Color online) XRD patterns of TiO2 NPs, NWs, NRs, and NTs.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint
Fig. 3.  (Color online) Absorption–desorption isotherm of the TiO2 (a) NTs, (b) NRs, (c) NWs, and (d) NPs.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint
Fig. 4.  (Color online) The UV−visible absorption spectra of dye desorbed from TiO2 films of NPs, NWs, NRs, and NTs.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint
Fig. 5.  (a-c) HRTEM images and (d) SAED pattern of the TiO2 NTs.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint
Fig. 6.  (Color online) (a, b) SEM images of the porous PEDOT CE; (c) the CVs for the Pt and PEDOT CEs; and (d) the 50 successive CV cycles of the PEDOT CE at the scan rate of 50 mV·s−1.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint
Fig. 7.  (Color online) J−V characteristics of the FDSSCs fabricated with different photoanodes under the standard illumination.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint
Fig. 8.  (Color online) EIS spectra of FDSSCs with the various photoanodes and the relevant equivalent circuit model.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint
Fig. 9.  (Color online) Schematic for a FDSSC based on TiO2 NTs photoanode irradiated from the rear.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

Table 1.   The absorption–desorption isotherm values of the TiO2 with different morphologies.

Samples NPs NWs NRs NTs
Specific surface area (m2/g) 91.9122 116.6744 126.3625 158.8077
DownLoad: CSV

Table 2.   The photoelectric properties of the FDSSCs with various CEs and photoanodes.

DevicesCEsPhotoanodesVoc (V)Jsc (mA·cm−2)FFη (%)
bPt-rearTiO2 NTs0.74810.740.635.06
dPEDOT-rearTiO2 NTs0.76615.480.667.83
ePEDOT-rearTiO2 NPs0.74113.620.696.96
fPEDOT-rearTiO2 NWs0.74914.240.697.36
gPEDOT-rearTiO2 NRs0.75714.650.697.65
DownLoad: CSV
[1]
Briscoe J, Dunn S. The future of using earth-abundant elements in counter electrodes for dye-sensitized solar cells. Adv Mater Deerfield Beach Fla, 2016, 28, 3802 doi: 10.1002/adma.201504085
[2]
Bellisario D O, Paulson J A, Braatz R D, et al. An analytical solution for exciton generation, reaction, and diffusion in nanotube and nanowire-based solar cells. J Phys Chem Lett, 2016, 7, 2683 doi: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.6b01053
[3]
Kakiage K, Aoyama Y, Yano T, et al. Highly-efficient dye-sensitized solar cells with collaborative sensitization by silyl-anchor and carboxy-anchor dyes. Chem Commun, 2015, 51, 15894 doi: 10.1039/C5CC06759F
[4]
Huang J Y, He S H, Zhang W Z, et al. Efficient and stable all-inorganic CsPbIBr2 perovskite solar cells enabled by dynamic vacuum-assisted low-temperature engineering. Sol RRL, 2022, 6, 2100839 doi: 10.1002/solr.202100839
[5]
Fujishima A, Honda K. Electrochemical photolysis of water at a semiconductor electrode. Nature, 1972, 238, 37 doi: 10.1038/238037a0
[6]
Hosono E, Matsuda H, Honma I, et al. Synthesis of a perpendicular TiO2 nanosheet film with the superhydrophilic property without UV irradiation. Langmuir, 2007, 23, 7447 doi: 10.1021/la701117a
[7]
Han Z T, Li S S, Li J J, et al. Facile synthesis of ZnO nanowires on FTO glass for dye-sensitized solar cells. J Semicond, 2013, 34, 074002 doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/34/7/074002
[8]
Gapale D L, Bardapurkar P P, Arote S A, et al. Humidity sensing properties of spray deposited Fe doped TiO2 thin film. J Semicond, 2021, 42, 122805 doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/42/12/122805
[9]
Thomas A G, Syres K L. Adsorption of organic molecules on rutile TiO2 and anatase TiO2 single crystal surfaces. Chem Soc Rev, 2012, 41, 4207 doi: 10.1039/c2cs35057b
[10]
Cai X F, Zhang P, Wei S H. Revisit of the band gaps of rutile SnO2 and TiO2: A first-principles study. J Semicond, 2019, 40, 092101 doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/40/9/092101
[11]
Feng X J, Shankar K, Varghese O K, et al. Vertically aligned single crystal TiO2 nanowire arrays grown directly on transparent conducting oxide coated glass: Synthesis details and applications. Nano Lett, 2008, 8, 3781 doi: 10.1021/nl802096a
[12]
Liu B, Aydil E S. Growth of oriented single-crystalline rutile TiO2 nanorods on transparent conducting substrates for dye-sensitized solar cells. J Am Chem Soc, 2009, 131, 3985 doi: 10.1021/ja8078972
[13]
Sadhu S, Jaiswal A, Adyanthaya S, et al. Surface chemistry and growth mechanism of highly oriented, single crystalline TiO2 nanorods on transparent conducting oxide coated glass substrates. RSC Adv, 2013, 3, 1933 doi: 10.1039/C2RA21516K
[14]
Sadhu S, Gupta P, Poddar P. Physical mechanism behind enhanced photoelectrochemical and photocatalytic properties of superhydrophilic assemblies of 3D-TiO2 microspheres with arrays of oriented, single-crystalline TiO2 nanowires as building blocks deposited on fluorine-doped tin oxide. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2017, 9, 11202 doi: 10.1021/acsami.6b15420
[15]
Ri J H, Wu S F, Jin J P, et al. Growth of a sea urchin-like rutile TiO2 hierarchical microsphere film on Ti foil for a quasi-solid-state dye-sensitized solar cell. Nanoscale, 2017, 9, 18498 doi: 10.1039/C7NR06360A
[16]
He S H, Shang L W, Gao Y Y, et al. Holistically modulating charge recombination via trisiloxane surface treatment for efficient dye-sensitized solar cells. J Alloys Compd, 2022, 896, 162864 doi: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2021.162864
[17]
Fan K, Li R J, Chen J N, et al. Recent development of dye-sensitized solar cells based on flexible substrates. Sci Adv Mat, 2013, 5, 1596 doi: 10.1166/sam.2013.1615
[18]
Song L X, Yin X, Xie X Y, et al. Highly flexible TiO2/C nanofibrous film for flexible dye-sensitized solar cells as a platinum- and transparent conducting oxide-free flexible counter electrode. Electrochim Acta, 2017, 255, 256 doi: 10.1016/j.electacta.2017.09.180
[19]
He S H, Lan Z, Zhang B, et al. Holistically optimizing charge carrier dynamics enables high-performance dye-sensitized solar cells and photodetectors. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2022, 14, 43576 doi: 10.1021/acsami.2c13009
[20]
Gao X M, Shen Z T, Yue G T, et al. Sodium molybdate-assisted synthesis of a cobalt phosphide hybrid counter electrode for highly efficient dye-sensitized solar cells. ACS Appl Energy Mater, 2021, 4, 3851 doi: 10.1021/acsaem.1c00248
[21]
Du Y, Shen Z, Yue G, et al. CoP@Ni2P microcrystals in situ grown on carbon fiber as counter electrode catalysts for high-efficiency dye-sensitized solar cells. Mater Today Sustain, 2022, 20, 100262 doi: 10.1016/j.mtsust.2022.100262
[22]
He Y, Shen Z T, Yue G T, et al. A dye-sensitized solar cells with enhanced efficiency based on a “pillared effect” of CoMoP2 @Mxene@CNTs composite counter electrode. J Alloys Compd, 2022, 922, 166279 doi: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2022.166279
[23]
Gao M, Shen Z T, Yue G T, et al. One-pot hydrothermal in situ growth of In4SnS8@MoS2@CNTs as efficient Pt-free counter electrodes for dye-sensitized solar cells. J Alloys Compd, 2023, 932, 167643 doi: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2022.167643
[24]
Yu F D, Han G S, Tu Y J, et al. Electron extraction mechanism in low hysteresis perovskite solar cells using single crystal TiO2 nanorods. Sol Energy, 2018, 167, 251 doi: 10.1016/j.solener.2018.04.009
[25]
Lan Z, Xu X X, Zhang X Z, et al. Low-temperature solution-processed efficient electron-transporting layers based on BF4−-capped TiO2 nanorods for high-performance planar perovskite solar cells. J Mater Chem C, 2018, 6, 334 doi: 10.1039/C7TC04899H
[26]
Chen W C, Yeh M H, Lin L Y, et al. Double-wall TiO2 nanotubes for dye-sensitized solar cells: A study of growth mechanism. ACS Sustainable Chem Eng, 2018, 6, 3907 doi: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.7b04250
[27]
Guo M, Chen J, Zhang J, et al. Coupling plasmonic nanoparticles with TiO2 nanotube photonic crystals for enhanced dye-sensitized solar cells performance. Electrochim Acta, 2018, 263, 373 doi: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.01.039
[28]
Ako R T, Ekanayake P, Lim C M. An analysis of DSSC performance based on nanosphere, nanorod, and nanoparticle anode morphologies. J Appl Phys, 2016, 120, 1089 doi: 10.1063/1.4965961
[29]
Liu Y Y, Ye X Y, An Q Q, et al. A novel synthesis of the bottom-straight and top-bent dual TiO2 nanowires for dye-sensitized solar cells. Adv Powder Technol, 2018, 29, 1455 doi: 10.1016/j.apt.2018.03.008
[30]
Qiu Q Q, Li S, Jiang J J, et al. Improved electron transfer between TiO2 and FTO interface by N-doped anatase TiO2 nanowires and its applications in quantum dot-sensitized solar cells. J Phys Chem C, 2017, 121, 21560 doi: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.7b07795
[31]
Xiao Y M, Wu J H, Yue G T, et al. The preparation of titania nanotubes and its application in flexible dye-sensitized solar cells. Electrochim Acta, 2010, 55, 4573 doi: 10.1016/j.electacta.2010.03.011
[32]
Li K X, Yue G T, Tan F R. A binder-free CF|PANI composite electrode with excellent capacitance for asymmetric supercapacitors. J Semicond, 2023, 44, 032701 doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/44/3/032701
[33]
Liu X Q, Liang Y, Yue G T, et al. A dual function of high efficiency quasi-solid-state flexible dye-sensitized solar cell based on conductive polymer integrated into poly (acrylic acid-co-carbon nanotubes) gel electrolyte. Sol Energy, 2017, 148, 63 doi: 10.1016/j.solener.2017.03.070
[34]
Wu J H, Li Y, Tang Q W, et al. Bifacial dye-sensitized solar cells: A strategy to enhance overall efficiency based on transparent polyaniline electrode. Sci Rep, 2014, 4, 4028 doi: 10.1038/srep04028
[35]
Du Y, Yue G T, Lan Z, et al. A dye-sensitized solar cell based on magnetic CoP@FeP4@Carbon composite counter electrode generated an efficiency of 9.88%. Inorg Chem Front, 2021, 8, 5034 doi: 10.1039/D1QI00935D
[36]
Tang Q W, Zhu W L, He B L, et al. Rapid conversion from carbohydrates to large-scale carbon quantum dots for all-weather solar cells. ACS Nano, 2017, 11, 1540 doi: 10.1021/acsnano.6b06867

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    Received: 31 August 2024 Revised: 28 October 2024 Online: Accepted Manuscript: 14 November 2023Uncorrected proof: 08 December 2023Published: 10 February 2024

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      Article Navigation >  Journal of Semiconductors  > 2024  >  45(2): 022801
      Zhe He, Gentian Yue, Yueyue Gao, Chen Dong, Furui Tan. Efficient flexible dye-sensitized solar cells from rear illumination based on different morphologies of titanium dioxide photoanode[J]. Journal of Semiconductors, 2024, 45(2): 022801. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/45/2/022801 ****Zhe He, Gentian Yue, Yueyue Gao, Chen Dong, Furui Tan, Efficient flexible dye-sensitized solar cells from rear illumination based on different morphologies of titanium dioxide photoanode[J]. Journal of Semiconductors, 2024, 45(2), 022801 doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/45/2/022801
      Citation:
      Zhe He, Gentian Yue, Yueyue Gao, Chen Dong, Furui Tan. Efficient flexible dye-sensitized solar cells from rear illumination based on different morphologies of titanium dioxide photoanode[J]. Journal of Semiconductors, 2024, 45(2): 022801. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/45/2/022801 ****
      Zhe He, Gentian Yue, Yueyue Gao, Chen Dong, Furui Tan, Efficient flexible dye-sensitized solar cells from rear illumination based on different morphologies of titanium dioxide photoanode[J]. Journal of Semiconductors, 2024, 45(2), 022801 doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/45/2/022801
      shu

      Efficient flexible dye-sensitized solar cells from rear illumination based on different morphologies of titanium dioxide photoanode

      DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/45/2/022801
      • 1.

        School of Future Technology and Henan Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Materials, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China

      • 2.

        Zhenjiang Mars Photoenergy Technology Co., Ltd, Zhenjiang 212011, China

      More Information
      • Zhe He received his BS degree in 2022 after graduating from Henan Normal University. Now he is a master’s student at Henan University. Since September 2022, he has been working in Prof. Furui Tan’s research group under the supervision of Associate Professor Gentian Yue. His current research focuses on DSSC and supercapacitors
      • Gentian Yue received his Ph.D. degree from Huaqiao University, China in 2013. Since then, he has been working as a full time associate professor at Henan Key Laboratory of Photo voltaic Materials, Henan University, China. His research interests include material synthesis and device fabrication of dye sensitized solar cells, supercapacitor, and energy capture and storage devices for wearable electronics
      • Yueyue Gao received his master’s degree in Chemical Engineering and Technology from Qiqihar University, China in 2014. And he received his Ph.D. degree from School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), China in 2018. Since then, he joined Henan Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Materials, Henan University, China in 2018. His research interest mainly focuses on the design, synthesis and performance study of furan-based organic photovoltaic materials
      • Chen Dong received his Ph.D. degree from Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), under the supervision of Prof. Xiuxun Han and Prof. Jinqing Wang. Since then, he joined Henan Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Materials, Henan University, China in 2019. His research interest is all-inorganic perovskite solar cells
      • Furui Tan is currently an professor in the Henan Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Materials, Henan University, China. He received his Ph.D. degree from Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences (ISCAS) in 2011. He joined the Sargent group in the Department of Electronics and Computer Engineering (ECE) in the University of Toronto, as a visiting scholar in June 2017 and June 2018. His research group focuses on organic and nanoscale materials for solar cells, photodetectors, and electro-catalysis etc
      • Corresponding author: yuegentian@126.com; frtan@henu.edu.cn
      • Received Date: 2024-08-31
      • Revised Date: 2024-10-28
        • Available Online: 2023-11-14

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