J. Semicond. > 2013, Volume 34 > Issue 1 > 015002
|

SEMICONDUCTOR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS

A fully integrated multi-standard frequency synthesizer for GNSS receivers with cellular network positioning capability

Bin Li, Xiangning Fan, Wei Li, Li Zhang and Zhigong Wang

+ Author Affiliations

 Corresponding author: Fan Xiangning, xnfan@seu.edu.cn

DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/34/1/015002

PDF

Abstract: A fully integrated hybrid integer/fractional frequency synthesizer is presented. With a single multi-band voltage-controlled-oscillator (VCO), the frequency synthesizer can support GPS, Galileo, Compass and TD-SCDMA standards. Design is carefully performed to trade off power, die area and phase noise performance. By reconfiguring between the integer mode and fractional mode, different frequency resolution requirements and a constant loop bandwidth for each standard can be achieved simultaneously. Moreover, a long sequence length, reduced hardware complexity multi-stage-noise-shaping (MASH) Δ-Σ modulator is employed to reduce fractional spur in the fractional mode. Fabricated in a 0.18 μm CMOS technology, the frequency synthesizer occupies an active area of 1.48 mm2 and draws a current of 13.4-16.2 mA from a 1.8 V power supply. The measured phase noise is lower than-80 dBc/Hz at 100 kHz offset and-113 to-124 dBc/Hz at 1 MHz offset respectively, while the measured reference spur is-71 dBc in integer mode and the fractional spur is-65 dBc in fractional mode.

Key words: multi-standard, frequency synthesizer, global navigation satellite system (GNSS), TD-SCDMA, cellular network positioning



[1]
Sand S, Mensing C, Ancha S, et al. Communications and GNSS based navigation:a comparison of current and future trends. Mobile and Wireless Communications Summit, 2007:1 http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/4299058/keywords
[2]
Jo J G, Lee J H, Park D J, et al. A L1-band dual-mode RF receiver for GPS and Galileo in 0.18μm CMOS. Radio Frequency Integrated Circuits Symposium, RFIC, 2008:21 https://zh.scribd.com/doc/173018586/Fiber-Optics-Illustrated-Dictionary
[3]
Lu L, Chen J, Yuan L, et al. An 18 mW 1.175-2 GHz frequency synthesizer with constant bandwidth for DVB-T tuners. IEEE Trans Microw Theory Tech, 2009, 57(4):928 doi: 10.1109/TMTT.2009.2014449
[4]
Song J, Park I C. Spur-free MASH delta-Sigma modulation. IEEE Trans Circuits Syst I:Regular Papers, 2010, 57(9):2426 doi: 10.1109/TCSI.2010.2043993
[5]
Yao C Y, Hsieh C C. Hardware simplification to the delta path in a MASH 111 delta sigma modulator. IEEE Trans Circuits Syst Ⅱ:Express Briefs, 2009, 56(4):270 doi: 10.1109/TCSII.2009.2015387
[6]
Hegazi E, Sjoland H, Abidi A A. A filtering technique to lower LC oscillator phase noise. IEEE J Solid-State Circuits, 2001, 36(12):1921 doi: 10.1109/4.972142
[7]
Hegazi E, Abidi A A. Varactor characteristics, oscillator tuning curves, and AM-FM conversion. IEEE J Solid-State Circuits, 2003, 38(6):1033 doi: 10.1109/JSSC.2003.811968
[8]
Mira J, Divel T, Ramet S, et al. Distributed MOS varactor biasing for VCO gain equalization in 0.13μm CMOS technology. Radio Frequency Integrated Circuits Symposium, RFIC, 2004:131 https://zh.scribd.com/document/145600695/RE-1985-11
[9]
Hwang I C, Baek D. A 0.93 mA spur-enhanced frequency synthesizer for L1/L5 dual-band GPS/Galileo RF receiver. IEEE Microw Wireless Compon Lett, 2010, 20(6):355 doi: 10.1109/LMWC.2010.2047533
[10]
Xiao Shimao, Yu Yunfeng, Ma Chengyan, et al. A low power wide-band CMOS PLL frequency synthesizer for portable hybrid GNSS receiver. Journal of Semiconductors, 2010, 31(3):035004 doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/31/3/035004
[11]
Zhou Chunyuan, Li Guoling, Zhang Chun, et al. A fractional-N frequency synthesizer for WCDMA/Bluetooth/ZigBee applications. Journal of Semiconductors, 2009, 30(7):075008 doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/30/7/075008
[12]
Yin Xizhen, Xiao Shimao, Jin Yuhua, et al. A constant loop bandwidth fractional-N frequency synthesizer for GNSS receivers. Journal of Semiconductors, 2012, 33(4):045007 doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/33/4/045007
[13]
Chu Xiaojie, Lin Ming, Shi Yin, et al. A fully integrated frequency synthesizer for a dual-mode GPS and Compass receiver. Journal of Semiconductors, 2012, 33(3):035004 doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/33/3/035004
Fig. 1.  Charge-pump PLL frequency synthesizer.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint
Fig. 2.  The bode plot of $\left| {T(s)} \right|$.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint
Fig. 3.  Block diagram of the multi-standard frequency synthesizer.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint
Fig. 4.  Complete schematic of the multi-band VCO.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint
Fig. 5.  Simulated $C$-$V$ characteristics and Δ$C_{\rm eff}$/Δ$A$ of the distributed varactor.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint
Fig. 6.  Programmable integer/fractional frequency divider.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint
Fig. 7.  Block diagram of MASH 1-1-1.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint
Fig. 8.  EFM structure of each stage.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint
Fig. 9.  Circuit implementation of the MASH 1-1-1.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint
Fig. 10.  Schematic of the divider-by-two circuit.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint
Fig. 11.  Schematic of PFD, CP, and the third-order loop filter.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint
Fig. 12.  Chip photo of the frequency synthesizer.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint
Fig. 13.  Measured tuning characteristic of the VCO.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint
Fig. 14.  Phase noise measurement results.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint
Fig. 15.  Measured reference spurs.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint
Fig. 16.  Measured fractional spurs.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint
Fig. 17.  Measured locking process in fractional mode and integer mode.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

Table 1.   Specifications for the multi-standard frequency synthesizer.

Table 2.   Summary of the measurement results.

Table 3.   Performance comparison with other published works.
[1]
Sand S, Mensing C, Ancha S, et al. Communications and GNSS based navigation:a comparison of current and future trends. Mobile and Wireless Communications Summit, 2007:1 http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/4299058/keywords
[2]
Jo J G, Lee J H, Park D J, et al. A L1-band dual-mode RF receiver for GPS and Galileo in 0.18μm CMOS. Radio Frequency Integrated Circuits Symposium, RFIC, 2008:21 https://zh.scribd.com/doc/173018586/Fiber-Optics-Illustrated-Dictionary
[3]
Lu L, Chen J, Yuan L, et al. An 18 mW 1.175-2 GHz frequency synthesizer with constant bandwidth for DVB-T tuners. IEEE Trans Microw Theory Tech, 2009, 57(4):928 doi: 10.1109/TMTT.2009.2014449
[4]
Song J, Park I C. Spur-free MASH delta-Sigma modulation. IEEE Trans Circuits Syst I:Regular Papers, 2010, 57(9):2426 doi: 10.1109/TCSI.2010.2043993
[5]
Yao C Y, Hsieh C C. Hardware simplification to the delta path in a MASH 111 delta sigma modulator. IEEE Trans Circuits Syst Ⅱ:Express Briefs, 2009, 56(4):270 doi: 10.1109/TCSII.2009.2015387
[6]
Hegazi E, Sjoland H, Abidi A A. A filtering technique to lower LC oscillator phase noise. IEEE J Solid-State Circuits, 2001, 36(12):1921 doi: 10.1109/4.972142
[7]
Hegazi E, Abidi A A. Varactor characteristics, oscillator tuning curves, and AM-FM conversion. IEEE J Solid-State Circuits, 2003, 38(6):1033 doi: 10.1109/JSSC.2003.811968
[8]
Mira J, Divel T, Ramet S, et al. Distributed MOS varactor biasing for VCO gain equalization in 0.13μm CMOS technology. Radio Frequency Integrated Circuits Symposium, RFIC, 2004:131 https://zh.scribd.com/document/145600695/RE-1985-11
[9]
Hwang I C, Baek D. A 0.93 mA spur-enhanced frequency synthesizer for L1/L5 dual-band GPS/Galileo RF receiver. IEEE Microw Wireless Compon Lett, 2010, 20(6):355 doi: 10.1109/LMWC.2010.2047533
[10]
Xiao Shimao, Yu Yunfeng, Ma Chengyan, et al. A low power wide-band CMOS PLL frequency synthesizer for portable hybrid GNSS receiver. Journal of Semiconductors, 2010, 31(3):035004 doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/31/3/035004
[11]
Zhou Chunyuan, Li Guoling, Zhang Chun, et al. A fractional-N frequency synthesizer for WCDMA/Bluetooth/ZigBee applications. Journal of Semiconductors, 2009, 30(7):075008 doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/30/7/075008
[12]
Yin Xizhen, Xiao Shimao, Jin Yuhua, et al. A constant loop bandwidth fractional-N frequency synthesizer for GNSS receivers. Journal of Semiconductors, 2012, 33(4):045007 doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/33/4/045007
[13]
Chu Xiaojie, Lin Ming, Shi Yin, et al. A fully integrated frequency synthesizer for a dual-mode GPS and Compass receiver. Journal of Semiconductors, 2012, 33(3):035004 doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/33/3/035004

    • Search

    Advanced Search >>

    GET CITATION

    shu

    Export: BibTex EndNote

    Article Metrics

    Article views: 2196 Times PDF downloads: 15 Times Cited by: 0 Times

    History

    Received: 16 June 2012 Revised: 10 July 2012 Online: Published: 01 January 2013

    Catalog

      Email This Article

      User name:
      Email:*请输入正确邮箱
      Code:*验证码错误
      Send
      Article Navigation >  Journal of Semiconductors  > 2013  >  34(1): 015002
      Bin Li, Xiangning Fan, Wei Li, Li Zhang, Zhigong Wang. A fully integrated multi-standard frequency synthesizer for GNSS receivers with cellular network positioning capability[J]. Journal of Semiconductors, 2013, 34(1): 015002. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/34/1/015002 ****B Li, X N Fan, W Li, L Zhang, Z G Wang. A fully integrated multi-standard frequency synthesizer for GNSS receivers with cellular network positioning capability[J]. J. Semicond., 2013, 34(1): 015002. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/34/1/015002.
      Citation:
      Bin Li, Xiangning Fan, Wei Li, Li Zhang, Zhigong Wang. A fully integrated multi-standard frequency synthesizer for GNSS receivers with cellular network positioning capability[J]. Journal of Semiconductors, 2013, 34(1): 015002. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/34/1/015002 ****
      B Li, X N Fan, W Li, L Zhang, Z G Wang. A fully integrated multi-standard frequency synthesizer for GNSS receivers with cellular network positioning capability[J]. J. Semicond., 2013, 34(1): 015002. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/34/1/015002.
      shu

      A fully integrated multi-standard frequency synthesizer for GNSS receivers with cellular network positioning capability

      DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/34/1/015002

      • Institute of RF- & OE-ICs, School of Information Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China

      Funds:

      the National Science and Technology Major Project, China 2010ZX03007-002-01

      Project supported by the National Science and Technology Major Project, China (No. 2010ZX03007-002-01) and the State Key Development Program for Basic Research of China (No. 2010CB327404)

      the State Key Development Program for Basic Research of China 2010CB327404

      More Information
      • Corresponding author: Fan Xiangning, xnfan@seu.edu.cn
      • Received Date: 2012-06-16
      • Revised Date: 2012-07-10
      • Published Date: 2013-01-01

      Catalog

        Journal of Semiconductors © 2017 All Rights Reserved   京ICP备05085259号-2

        /

        DownLoad:  Full-Size Img  PowerPoint
        Return
        Return