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J. Semicond. > 2013, Volume 34 > Issue 9 > 093001

SEMICONDUCTOR MATERIALS

The effects of electron irradiation on the optical properties of the organic semiconductor polypyrrole

J. V. Thombare1, , M. C. Rath2, S. H. Han3 and V. J. Fulari1,

+ Author Affiliations

 Corresponding author: J. V. Thombare, Email:vijayfulari@gmail.com; V. J. Fulari, Email:jagannaththombare@gmail.com

DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/34/9/093001

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Abstract: The optical properties of polypyrrole (Ppy) thin films upon 2 MeV electron beam irradiation changes with different doses. The induced changes in the optical properties for Ppy thin films were studied in the visible range 300 to 800 nm at room temperature. The optical band gap of the pristine Ppy was found to be 2.19 eV and it decreases up to 1.97 eV for a 50 kGy dose of 2 MeV electron beam. The refractive index dispersion of the samples obeys the single oscillator model. The obtained results suggest that electron beam irradiation changes the optical parameters of Ppy thin films.

Key words: polypyrroleelectron beam irradiationoptical band gap

Due to their exclusive optical properties, a wide variety of electrically conducting polymers have been studied. Research on conducting polymers has peaked in the past two decades with a broad range of applications such as light emitting diodes (LEDs)[1], electrochromic displays[2, 3], and other optoelectronic applications due to their unique permutation of optical, electrical and magnetic properties. Along with the conducting polymers, polypyrrole (Ppy) is for the most part extensively studied, because the monomer (pyrrole) is easily oxidized, water soluble, and commercially available. Hence, Ppy presents several advantages including environmental stability, good redox properties, and the ability to give high electrical conductivities and sensitive physicochemical properties[4], and applications such as chemical and biological sensors[5], nanoscale actuators[6], drug delivery[7], electronic chemical sensors[8, 9], supercapacitors[10], and thermal transducers of NIR radiation[11]. The intrinsic properties of Ppy are highly dependent on synthesis conditions, i.e. electropolymerization conditions such as deposition mode, deposition time, and current density. Furthermore, there is a requirement to treat the surface of Ppy thin films with the help of an external source, in order to get the improved properties of Ppy thin films such as tuning of optical band gap and surface modification. Also, Ppy was scrutinized in recent years by several different spectroscopic techniques with the aim to understand the chemical and electronic structure of this polymer. High energy electron irradiation on the surface of electrodeposited Ppy thin films is useful for tuning the optical properties in the visible region. Recently, Hong et al. reported fine characteristics tailoring of organic and inorganic nanowires using focused electron-beam irradiation. They examined the changes in the structural, optical, and electrical properties of compartments of single poly (3-methylthiophene) P3MT and TiO2 NWs treated with a focused E-beam under different conditions[12].

In this study, we focus on the effect of, high energy (2 MeV) electron irradiation on the surface of Ppy thin films for the optical properties.

All reagents were of analytical grade. Pyrrole (Spectrochem, Mumbai, India 99%) was distilled under reduced pressure prior to use and kept refrigerated until use. Acetone and H2SO4 (Loba Chemie) were used as received. Solutions were prepared in double distilled water.

Initially, the substrates were polished with zero grade emery paper and then washed with distilled detergent and rinsed multiple times with distilled water. The these mechanically cleaned substrates were treated with detergent in an ultrasonic cleaner for 10 min with repeated washing with distilled water and detergent and finally air dried substrates were treated with acetone.

The Ppy cauliflowers were synthesized at room temperature by electrodeposition. The room temperature deposition avoids the oxidation and corrosion of metallic substrates. The electrochemical polymerization of pyrrole results in the formation of a cauliflower-like structure on the substrate. Preparative parameters such as deposition potential, deposition time and concentration of the precursor were optimized. In the typical synthesis, (0.1 M) pyrrole and (0.5 M) sulfuric acid are used as the monomer and electrolyte respectively. Ppy thin films were prepared on stainless steel ITO substrates by using the potentiostatic electrodeposition technique at a deposition potential of –0.8 V versus SCE. An electrodeposition study of the Ppy thin films was made using a three-electrode configuration. The Ppy thin film was deposited on the anode (stainless steel and ITO) and a pure graphite plate was used as the cathode, a saturated calomel electrode (SCE) was used as the reference electrode. A thin black colored Ppy thin film was obtained on the substrate.

The electron beam irradiations of the thin film samples were carried out using an industrial electron accelerator (model ILU-6, Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics, Russia) at the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC), Mumbai, India. The dose rate was 5 kGy/pass and the energy of the electron pulse was 2 MeV. The details of the set up are described elsewhere[13]. The samples were irradiated with 10, 30 and 50 kGy doses. The temperature rise in the thin film samples during the irradiation process is not expected to be very high. Therefore, the melt down condition of the samples is excluded.

The structural studies of the pristine and electron irradiated Ppy thin films were made with the help of FTIR spectroscopy. The Fourier transform infrared spectrum (FT-IR) was recorded between 4000 and 450 cm1 at a spectral resolution of 2 cm1 on a Perkin–Elmer 1710 spectrophotometer to identify the bonds of Ppy. The surface morphological study of pristine and electron irradiated Ppy thin films was made with the help of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) using JEOL model, JSM-6360 (LA). UV–vis absorption and transmission spectra were recorded at room temperature and near to normal incidence using a 119 SYSTRONICS UV–vis spectrophotometer. The optical reflectance was recorded using a Steller Net Inc USA reflectometer having a UV–vis light source with CCD detector.

The electron irradiated organic polymers were studied with infrared absorption (FT-IR) spectroscopy. Figures 1(a) and 1(b) show the FT-IR spectra of pristine and 50 kGy dose electron irradiated Ppy thin films. The spectra show that all the observed principal bands are the feature bands of the pristine sample. Also, upon 50 kGy electron irradiation the same main bands are observed, i.e. previous nature of Ppy is not destroyed. The conducting Ppy shows a characteristic ``tail of the electronic absorption band" in the range 4000–2000 cm-1[14]. The broad band centered at 3600 cm1 corresponds to the N–H stretching vibrations[15], the absorption band observed at 3257 cm1 may correspond to an aromatic C–H band[16], and the band observed at 2140 cm1 is maybe due to the doped ions. The isolated or conjugated carbonyl groups may be present in the polymers which are assigned at the 1989 cm1 and 1779 cm1. The C=C band is present at the 1615 cm-1[16], the stretching and bending vibrations of the C=C band are associated with the 1503 cm1 and 1424 cm1 peaks, respectively[14, 16]. The less intense peak at 1385 cm1 may be attributed to the N–C stretching vibrations[15]. The band centered at 1293 cm1 may correspond to deformation vibrations[14] or C–C stretching vibrations[15]. The absorption peak observed at 1181 cm1 is due to the stretching vibrations of C–N bonds[15].

Figure  1.  FTIR spectroscopy and scanning electron micrographs of pristine and 50 kGy electron irradiated Ppy thin films. (a, c) For pristine Ppy thin films. (b, d) For 50 kGy electron irradiated thin films.

Figures 1(c) and 1(d) show the morphological characteristics of the pristine and 50 kGy electron irradiated Ppy thin films. SEM images shows that the substrates were well covered with spherical shaped particles. At high magnification the cauliflower-like structure was observed (not shown here). Upon electron irradiation, the structure of the particle is same but decrease in particle size. Generally, Ppys are low melting point compounds and during electron irradiation there is a possibility of heat generation at the surface and this will produce the splitting of particles and due to tendency, the particles again reunite to form the original shape. During this period, the agglomerated or un-agglomerated particle creates shallow defects. Some authors have reported a lack of apparent morphological change upon ion irradiation at 3 keV, 195 nA/mm2 for a total ion dose of 6.8 μC/mm2[17].

The UV–vis spectrum of the pristine and electron irradiated Ppy thin films are shown in Fig. 2. The spectrum shows that absorbance values increase with an increase in dose of electron irradiation. This is may be due to an increase in number of particles and this is consistent with the morphological study of electron irradiated Ppy thin films[18]. The absorption peaks observed at 300 to 450 nm are due to ππ* transitions[18]. The absorption peak shifts towards higher wavelengths with electron dose. The pristine Ppy thin film shows the absorption peak at 366 nm. Also there is another absorption band region above 600 nm and this is associated with the transition of electrons from the valence band to another bipolaron band of Ppy and which confirms the conducting state of polymer[18].

Figure  2.  Optical absorption study of electrodeposited and electron irradiated Ppy thin films. a: Pristine Ppy thin film, b: 10 kGy electron irradiated, c: 30 kGy electron irradiated, d: 50 kGy electron irradiated Ppy thin films.

An optical band gap energy study of electrodeposited pristine and electron irradiated polyporrole thin films is illustrated in Fig. 3. The optical band gap of thin films are calculated from the Tauc's relation as[20] α = A(hνEg)n / hν, where n= 1/2 for a direct band gap, hν is photon energy, Eg is the band gap in eV, α is the absorbance coefficient and A is a constant. The pristine Ppy shows an optical band gap of 2.19 eV. After electron irradiation, the band gap decreases up to 1.97 eV. The number of carbon atoms per cluster increases with high energy (2 MeV) electron doses, which are shown in Table 1. The decrease in band gap and increase in number of carbon atoms per cluster is possibly due to the creation of defects and traps in the gap of higher occupied molecular orbits (HOMO) and lower unoccupied molecular orbits (LUMO). This is coupled with the above optical absorption study and morphological characteristic results.

Figure  3.  Optical band gap study, optical band gap (a) for pristine Ppy thin film, (b) for 10 kGy electron irradiated, (c) 30 kGy electron irradiated and (d) 50 kGy electron irradiated Ppy thin films.
Table  1.  Band gap energy, number of carbon atoms, and refractive index in Ppy films irradiated by a 2 MeV electron beam.
DownLoad: CSV  | Show Table

Figure 4 shows the variation of transmittance, reflectance and refractive index profile of pristine and electron irradiated Ppy thin films in the 300 nm to 800 nm range. In Fig. 4(a), the pristine Ppy shows a higher value of transmittance than the electron irradiated Ppy thin films. Also, in case of reflectance (shown in Fig. 4(b, d)), the 50 kGy electron irradiated Ppy shows a lower value of reflectance than the pristine Ppy thin films. The refractive index profile (Fig. 4(c)) shows the different values of maximum refractive index, with the electron doses at the different wavelengths. The value of refractive index (n) was calculated from the relation n=(1+R+R1/2)/(1R), where R is the normal reflectance of Ppy thin films[21]. We got the maximum value of refractive index 1.26 for 10 kGy electron irradiated Ppy thin films at 506 nm, shown in Fig. 4(c, b) and Table 1. Figure 4(c) shows that the refractive index not only depends on the wavelength but also on the electron dose. Upon high energy electron irradiation, decreases in transmission, reflectance, and refractive index (n) may be attributed to the interaction of electrons with the sigma and pi bonded electrons in the polymer backbone. Upon electron irradiation the Ppy thin film becomes less transparent than the 50 kGy electron irradiated one.

Figure  4.  (a) Transmittance spectra, (b) reflectance spectra, and (c) refractive index profile with wavelength. In all spectra, a for pristine Ppy thin films, b for the dose of 10 kGy electron irradiated, c for the dose of 30 kGy electron irradiated and d for the dose of 50 kGy electron irradiated.

Figure 5 shows the extinction coefficient, optical conductivity, and refractive index dispersion relation with the wavelength. The spectral dependence of the refractive index can be evaluated by using the single oscillator model proposed by Wemple and Di Domenico viz; n2 = 1 + [EoEd / (E2oE2)], where E0 is the average excitation energy known as the oscillator energy, Ed is the dispersion energy called the oscillator strength, and E is the incident photon energy[22]. The value of extinction coefficient (k) is calculated from the relation as k= αλ/4π, where α is the coefficient of absorption, λ is the wavelength[23]. The optical conductivity of electrodeposited and high energy electron irradiated Ppy thin films were sketched using the relation as σ = αnc/4π, where c is the velocity of light in vacuum. The pristine Ppy sample shows a more diffuse value of extinction coefficient and optical conductivity than that of the electron irradiated Ppy thin films. The optical conductivity and extinction coefficient not only depends on the wavelengths but also on the modified surfaces.

Figure  5.  (a) Extinction coefficient (k), (b) optical conductivity σ(λ), and (c) refractive index dispersion with energy. In all spectra a for pristine Ppy thin films, b for the dose of 10 kGy electron irradiated, c for the dose of 30 kGy electron irradiated and d for the dose of 50 kGy electron irradiated.

In summary, the electrodeposited Ppy thin films were successfully irradiated with high energy electron with different doses. The surface morphology and optical properties of Ppy thin films were tuned by high energy (2 MeV) electrons. So, surface modified and band gap energy tuned Ppy electrodes will play an important role in the field of electro-chromic or smart windows, with the help of high energy electron irradiation. The structure of Ppy thin film is not destroyed upon electron irradiation. The pristine Ppy films show an optical band gap of 2.19 eV, while the 50 kGy electron irradiated Ppy thin films shows 1.97 eV. The extinction coefficient, refractive index and optical conductivity were tuned with the help of electron irradiation.

Acknowledgements: The authors are very grateful to the Department of Science and Technology, New Delhi, for financial support under the DST-PURSE scheme at Shivaji University, Kolhapur. Also, we are grateful to the group members of ILU-6 of RTDD, BARC, Mumbai for the irradiation experiments.


[1]
Friend R H, Gymer R W, Holmes A B, et al. Electroluminescence in conjugated polymers. Nature, 1999, 397:121 doi: 10.1038/16393
[2]
White H S, Kittlesen G P, Wrighton M S. Chemical derivatization of an array of three gold microelectrodes with polypyrrole:fabrication of molecular based transistor. J Am Chem Soc, 1984, 106:5375 doi: 10.1021/ja00330a070
[3]
Kittlesen G P, White H S, Wrighton M S. Chemical derivativization of microelectrode arrays by oxidation of pyrrole and n-methylpyrrole:fabrication of molecule-based electronic devices. J Am Chem Soc, 1984, 106:7389 doi: 10.1021/ja00336a016
[4]
Ansari R. Polypyrrole conducting electroactive polymers:synthesis and stability studies. J Chem, 2006, 3:186 http://www.oalib.com/paper/2778144
[5]
Dong H, Cao X, Li C M. Functionalized polypyrrole film:synthesis, characterization, and potential applications in chemical and biological sensors. Appl Mater Inter, 2009, 1:1599 doi: 10.1021/am900267e
[6]
Lee A S, Peteu S F, Ly J V, et al. Actuation of polypyrrole nanowires. Nanotechnology, 2008, 19:165501 doi: 10.1088/0957-4484/19/16/165501
[7]
Geetha S, Rao C R K, Vijayan M, et al. Biosensing and drug delivery by polypyrrole. Anal Chim Acta, 2006, 568:119 doi: 10.1016/j.aca.2005.10.011
[8]
Janata J, Josowicz M. Conducting polymers in electronic chemical sensors. Nat Mater, 2003, 2:19 doi: 10.1038/nmat768
[9]
Ramanavicius A, Ramanaviciene A, Malinauskas A. Electrochemical sensors based on conducting polymer——polypyrrole. Electrochim Acta, 2006, 51:6025 doi: 10.1016/j.electacta.2005.11.052
[10]
Zang J, Li X. In situ synthesis of ultrafine β -MnO2/polypyrrole nanorod composites for high-performance supercapacitors. J Mater Chem, 2011, 21:10965 doi: 10.1039/c1jm11491c
[11]
Li F, Winnik M A, Matvienkob A, et al. Polypyrrole nanoparticles as a thermal transducer of NIR radiation in hot-melt adhesives. J Mater Chem, 2007, 17:4309 doi: 10.1039/b708707a
[12]
Hong Y, Park D, Jo S, et al. Fine characteristics tailoring of organic and inorganic nanowires using focused electron-beam irradiation. Angew Chem Int Ed, 2011, 50:3734 doi: 10.1002/anie.v50.16
[13]
Sabharwal S, Mohan H, Bhardwaj Y K, et al. Structure-reactivity studies on the crosslinking of poly (vinyl methyl ether) in aqueous solutions:a pulse radiolysis study. J Chem Soc Faraday Trans, 1996, 92:4401 doi: 10.1039/FT9969204401
[14]
Dias H V R, Fianchini M, Rajapakse R M G. Greener method for high-quality polypyrrole. Polymer, 2006, 47:7349 doi: 10.1016/j.polymer.2006.08.033
[15]
Kang H C, Geckeler K E. Enhanced electrical conductivity of polypyrrole prepared by chemical oxidative polymerization:effect of the preparation technique and polymer additive. Polymer, 2000, 41:6931 doi: 10.1016/S0032-3861(00)00116-6
[16]
Cruz G J, Olayo M G, López O G, et al. Nanospherical particles of polypyrrole synthesized and doped by plasma. Polymer, 2010, 51:4314 doi: 10.1016/j.polymer.2010.07.024
[17]
Zhou X J, Leung K T. Modification of electronic structure of mesoscopic perchlorate-doped polypyrrole films by ion irradiation. Macromolecules, 2003, 36:2882 doi: 10.1021/ma026023a
[18]
Foroughi J, Spinks G M, Wallace G G. A reactive wet spinning approach to polypyrrole fibers. J Mater Chem, 2011, 21:6421 doi: 10.1039/c0jm04406g
[19]
Fu Y, Manthiram A. Enhanced cyclability of lithium-sulfur batteries by a polymer acid-doped polypyrrole mixed ionic-electronic conductor. Chem Mater, 2012, 24:3081 doi: 10.1021/cm301661y
[20]
Chandra S, Annapoorni S, Singh F, et al. Low temperature resistivity study of nanostructured polypyrrole films under electronic excitations. Nucl Instr & Methods B, 2010, 62:268
[21]
Nadeem M Y, Ahmed W. Optical properties of ZnS thin films. Turk J Phys, 2000, 24:651 http://www.jnus.org/pdf/2011/6/88.pdf
[22]
Wemple S H, Domenico M D Jr. Behavior of the electronic dielectric constant in covalent and ionic materials. Phys Rev B, 1971, 3:1338 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevB.3.1338
[23]
Bhattacharyya S R, Gayen R N, Paul R, et al. Determination of optical constants of thin films from transmittance trace. Thin Solid Films, 2009, 517:5530 doi: 10.1016/j.tsf.2009.03.168
Fig. 1.  FTIR spectroscopy and scanning electron micrographs of pristine and 50 kGy electron irradiated Ppy thin films. (a, c) For pristine Ppy thin films. (b, d) For 50 kGy electron irradiated thin films.

Fig. 2.  Optical absorption study of electrodeposited and electron irradiated Ppy thin films. a: Pristine Ppy thin film, b: 10 kGy electron irradiated, c: 30 kGy electron irradiated, d: 50 kGy electron irradiated Ppy thin films.

Fig. 3.  Optical band gap study, optical band gap (a) for pristine Ppy thin film, (b) for 10 kGy electron irradiated, (c) 30 kGy electron irradiated and (d) 50 kGy electron irradiated Ppy thin films.

Fig. 4.  (a) Transmittance spectra, (b) reflectance spectra, and (c) refractive index profile with wavelength. In all spectra, a for pristine Ppy thin films, b for the dose of 10 kGy electron irradiated, c for the dose of 30 kGy electron irradiated and d for the dose of 50 kGy electron irradiated.

Fig. 5.  (a) Extinction coefficient (k), (b) optical conductivity σ(λ), and (c) refractive index dispersion with energy. In all spectra a for pristine Ppy thin films, b for the dose of 10 kGy electron irradiated, c for the dose of 30 kGy electron irradiated and d for the dose of 50 kGy electron irradiated.

Table 1.   Band gap energy, number of carbon atoms, and refractive index in Ppy films irradiated by a 2 MeV electron beam.

[1]
Friend R H, Gymer R W, Holmes A B, et al. Electroluminescence in conjugated polymers. Nature, 1999, 397:121 doi: 10.1038/16393
[2]
White H S, Kittlesen G P, Wrighton M S. Chemical derivatization of an array of three gold microelectrodes with polypyrrole:fabrication of molecular based transistor. J Am Chem Soc, 1984, 106:5375 doi: 10.1021/ja00330a070
[3]
Kittlesen G P, White H S, Wrighton M S. Chemical derivativization of microelectrode arrays by oxidation of pyrrole and n-methylpyrrole:fabrication of molecule-based electronic devices. J Am Chem Soc, 1984, 106:7389 doi: 10.1021/ja00336a016
[4]
Ansari R. Polypyrrole conducting electroactive polymers:synthesis and stability studies. J Chem, 2006, 3:186 http://www.oalib.com/paper/2778144
[5]
Dong H, Cao X, Li C M. Functionalized polypyrrole film:synthesis, characterization, and potential applications in chemical and biological sensors. Appl Mater Inter, 2009, 1:1599 doi: 10.1021/am900267e
[6]
Lee A S, Peteu S F, Ly J V, et al. Actuation of polypyrrole nanowires. Nanotechnology, 2008, 19:165501 doi: 10.1088/0957-4484/19/16/165501
[7]
Geetha S, Rao C R K, Vijayan M, et al. Biosensing and drug delivery by polypyrrole. Anal Chim Acta, 2006, 568:119 doi: 10.1016/j.aca.2005.10.011
[8]
Janata J, Josowicz M. Conducting polymers in electronic chemical sensors. Nat Mater, 2003, 2:19 doi: 10.1038/nmat768
[9]
Ramanavicius A, Ramanaviciene A, Malinauskas A. Electrochemical sensors based on conducting polymer——polypyrrole. Electrochim Acta, 2006, 51:6025 doi: 10.1016/j.electacta.2005.11.052
[10]
Zang J, Li X. In situ synthesis of ultrafine β -MnO2/polypyrrole nanorod composites for high-performance supercapacitors. J Mater Chem, 2011, 21:10965 doi: 10.1039/c1jm11491c
[11]
Li F, Winnik M A, Matvienkob A, et al. Polypyrrole nanoparticles as a thermal transducer of NIR radiation in hot-melt adhesives. J Mater Chem, 2007, 17:4309 doi: 10.1039/b708707a
[12]
Hong Y, Park D, Jo S, et al. Fine characteristics tailoring of organic and inorganic nanowires using focused electron-beam irradiation. Angew Chem Int Ed, 2011, 50:3734 doi: 10.1002/anie.v50.16
[13]
Sabharwal S, Mohan H, Bhardwaj Y K, et al. Structure-reactivity studies on the crosslinking of poly (vinyl methyl ether) in aqueous solutions:a pulse radiolysis study. J Chem Soc Faraday Trans, 1996, 92:4401 doi: 10.1039/FT9969204401
[14]
Dias H V R, Fianchini M, Rajapakse R M G. Greener method for high-quality polypyrrole. Polymer, 2006, 47:7349 doi: 10.1016/j.polymer.2006.08.033
[15]
Kang H C, Geckeler K E. Enhanced electrical conductivity of polypyrrole prepared by chemical oxidative polymerization:effect of the preparation technique and polymer additive. Polymer, 2000, 41:6931 doi: 10.1016/S0032-3861(00)00116-6
[16]
Cruz G J, Olayo M G, López O G, et al. Nanospherical particles of polypyrrole synthesized and doped by plasma. Polymer, 2010, 51:4314 doi: 10.1016/j.polymer.2010.07.024
[17]
Zhou X J, Leung K T. Modification of electronic structure of mesoscopic perchlorate-doped polypyrrole films by ion irradiation. Macromolecules, 2003, 36:2882 doi: 10.1021/ma026023a
[18]
Foroughi J, Spinks G M, Wallace G G. A reactive wet spinning approach to polypyrrole fibers. J Mater Chem, 2011, 21:6421 doi: 10.1039/c0jm04406g
[19]
Fu Y, Manthiram A. Enhanced cyclability of lithium-sulfur batteries by a polymer acid-doped polypyrrole mixed ionic-electronic conductor. Chem Mater, 2012, 24:3081 doi: 10.1021/cm301661y
[20]
Chandra S, Annapoorni S, Singh F, et al. Low temperature resistivity study of nanostructured polypyrrole films under electronic excitations. Nucl Instr & Methods B, 2010, 62:268
[21]
Nadeem M Y, Ahmed W. Optical properties of ZnS thin films. Turk J Phys, 2000, 24:651 http://www.jnus.org/pdf/2011/6/88.pdf
[22]
Wemple S H, Domenico M D Jr. Behavior of the electronic dielectric constant in covalent and ionic materials. Phys Rev B, 1971, 3:1338 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevB.3.1338
[23]
Bhattacharyya S R, Gayen R N, Paul R, et al. Determination of optical constants of thin films from transmittance trace. Thin Solid Films, 2009, 517:5530 doi: 10.1016/j.tsf.2009.03.168
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Chinese Journal of Semiconductors , 2005, 26(1): 11-15.

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    J. V. Thombare, M. C. Rath, S. H. Han, V. J. Fulari. The effects of electron irradiation on the optical properties of the organic semiconductor polypyrrole[J]. Journal of Semiconductors, 2013, 34(9): 093001. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/34/9/093001
    J V Thombare, M C Rath, S H Han, V J Fulari. The effects of electron irradiation on the optical properties of the organic semiconductor polypyrrole[J]. J. Semicond., 2013, 34(9): 093001. doi:  10.1088/1674-4926/34/9/093001.
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    Received: 12 January 2013 Revised: 15 April 2013 Online: Published: 01 September 2013

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      J. V. Thombare, M. C. Rath, S. H. Han, V. J. Fulari. The effects of electron irradiation on the optical properties of the organic semiconductor polypyrrole[J]. Journal of Semiconductors, 2013, 34(9): 093001. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/34/9/093001 ****J V Thombare, M C Rath, S H Han, V J Fulari. The effects of electron irradiation on the optical properties of the organic semiconductor polypyrrole[J]. J. Semicond., 2013, 34(9): 093001. doi:  10.1088/1674-4926/34/9/093001.
      Citation:
      J. V. Thombare, M. C. Rath, S. H. Han, V. J. Fulari. The effects of electron irradiation on the optical properties of the organic semiconductor polypyrrole[J]. Journal of Semiconductors, 2013, 34(9): 093001. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/34/9/093001 ****
      J V Thombare, M C Rath, S H Han, V J Fulari. The effects of electron irradiation on the optical properties of the organic semiconductor polypyrrole[J]. J. Semicond., 2013, 34(9): 093001. doi:  10.1088/1674-4926/34/9/093001.

      The effects of electron irradiation on the optical properties of the organic semiconductor polypyrrole

      DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/34/9/093001
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