J. Semicond. > 2022, Volume 43 > Issue 9 > 092302
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ARTICLES

Organic bulk heterojunction enabled with nanocapsules of hydrate vanadium pentaoxide layer for high responsivity self-powered photodetector

Hemraj Dahiya1, Anupam Agrawal2, Ganesh D. Sharma1 and Abhishek Kumar Singh3,

+ Author Affiliations

 Corresponding author: Abhishek Kumar Singh, aks@rgipt.ac.in

DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/43/9/092302

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Abstract: This article demonstrates the fabrication of organic-based devices using a low-cost solution-processable technique. A blended heterojunction of chlorine substituted 2D-conjugated polymer PBDB-T-2Cl, and PC71BM supported nanocapsules hydrate vanadium penta oxides (HVO) as hole transport layer (HTL) based photodetector fabricated on an ITO coated glass substrate under ambient condition. The device forms an excellent organic junction diode with a good rectification ratio of ~200. The device has also shown excellent photodetection properties under photoconductive mode (at reverse bias) and zero bias for green light wavelength. A very high responsivity of ~6500 mA/W and high external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 1400% have been reported in the article. The proposed organic photodetector exhibits an excellent response and recovery time of ~30 and ~40 ms, respectively.

Key words: self-powered detector, green light sensor, HVO, PBDB-T-2Cl detector, processable solution sensor



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Fig. 1.  (Color online) Schematic architecture of organic photodetector and the image of fabricated device.

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Fig. 2.  Chemical structure of (a) PBDB-T-2Cl and (b) PC71BM.

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Fig. 3.  (Color online) One-step method of synthesis of HVO nanocapsules.

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Fig. 4.  (Color online) (a) XRD spectra and (b) TGA curve of HVO.

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Fig. 5.  (a) SEM image of HVO thin film on the scale of 1µm and (b) 25 nm respectively on ITO coated substrate.

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Fig. 6.  (a, b) HR-TEM image (scale 20nm). (c) SAED pattern of HVO nano capsule.

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Fig. 7.  (Color online) (a) Absorption spectra of PBDB-T-2Cl and PC71BM. (b) Transmittance and absorption spectra of HVO and PBDB-T-2Cl: PC71BM blend.

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Fig. 8.  (Color online) Cyclic voltammetry of (a) HVO, (b) PC71BM, and (c) PBDB-T-2Cl. (d) HOMO-LUMO energy level of polymers and charge transfer in the active layer.

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Fig. 9.  (Color online) I–V characteristics of OPD under dark and illumination

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Fig. 10.  (Color online) Current time response of the photodetector.

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Fig. 11.  (Color online) The charge transport mechanism of photodetector.

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Table 1.   Optical and electrochemical characteristics of polymers.

Polymerλmax (s)
(nm)		λmax (f)
(nm)		EHOMO
(eV)		ELUMO
(eV)		Egech
(eV)		Egopt
(eV)
PBDB-T-2CL606621−5.32−3.571.751.85
PC71BM373, 460325−5.90−3.9022.13
DownLoad: CSV

Table 2.   Comparison table of various self-powered organic based photodetectors.

EntityRef. [44]
Ref. [45]
Ref. [30]
Ref. [46]
Ref. [38]
This article
Junction–PBDTT-ffQ: PC71BMP3HT:PC71BMPNTT-H: PC71BMPQT-12: PC61BMPBDB-T-2Cl and PC71BM
Transportation
layer		ETL:Zr–TiOx–HTL:PEDOT:PSSHTL:PEDOT:PSSETL:ZnO QDsHTL:HVO nano capsules
Device structureITO/PEDOT:PSS/
CH3NH3PbIxCl3−x/
PC60BM/Zr–TiOx/Al		PET/PBDTT-ffQ:PC71BM/AuITO/PEDOT:PSS/
P3HT:PC71BM /Al
ITO/PEDOT:PSS/
PNTT-H:PC71BM/
Ca/Al		ZnO QDs/
PQT-12:PC61BM
/
MoOx		Glass/ITO/HVO/
PBDB-T-2Cl and PC71BM/Al
Self-poweredYesYesYesYesYes
Maximum temp used in fabrication (ºC)130–150~30100100–150200100
Operating bias (V)–0.1––10
–0.100
Rise time (µs)0.290.0889–320.070.03
Delay time (µs)0.270.0667–290.10.04
Wavelength (nm)525365650760515550
Responsivity (A/W)0.3800.1150.2550.3600.16756.25
Power density ($ \mathrm{m}\mathrm{W}/{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{m}}^{2} $)1 mW/cm2 = 1 Sun–2–0.0571 mW/cm2 = 1 Sun
EQE (%)––49 (at 520 nm, –10 V)
& 53500 (at 620 nm, –60 V)		59.4541.61400 (at 550 nm,
0 V)
NEP (W/($ {\mathrm{c}\mathrm{m}}^{2}\cdot{\mathrm{H}\mathrm{z}}^{1/2} $))–––––2 × 10–11
Detectivity (1011 Jones)1376.191.3139440 (0 V, 550 nm)
DownLoad: CSV
[1]
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[3]
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[4]
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[5]
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[6]
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[7]
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[8]
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[9]
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[10]
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[11]
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[12]
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Casalino M, Coppola G, de la Rue R M, et al. State-of-the-art all-silicon sub-bandgap photodetectors at telecom and datacom wavelengths. Laser Photonics Rev, 2016, 10, 895 doi: 10.1002/lpor.201600065
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[17]
Pyo S, Kim W, Jung H I, et al. Photodetectors: Heterogeneous integration of carbon-nanotube-graphene for high-performance, flexible, and transparent photodetectors. Small, 2017, 13, 1700918 doi: 10.1002/smll.201700918
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Zhao Z J, Wang J, Xu C Y, et al. Photomultiplication type broad response organic photodetectors with one absorber layer and one multiplication layer. J Phys Chem Lett, 2020, 11, 366 doi: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b03323
[21]
Chow P C Y, Someya T. Organic photodetectors for next-generation wearable electronics. Adv Mater, 2020, 32, e1902045 doi: 10.1002/adma.201902045
[22]
Rezaei-Mazinani S, Ivanov A I, Proctor C M, et al. Monitoring intrinsic optical signals in brain tissue with organic photodetectors. Adv Mater Technol, 2018, 3, 1700333 doi: 10.1002/admt.201700333
[23]
Li L, Chen H Y, Fang Z M, et al. An electrically modulated single-color/dual-color imaging photodetector. Adv Mater, 2020, 32, 1907257 doi: 10.1002/adma.201907257
[24]
Shen L, Lin Y Z, Bao C X, et al. Integration of perovskite and polymer photoactive layers to produce ultrafast response, ultravioletto-near-infrared, sensitive photodetectors. Mater Horizons, 2017, 4, 242 doi: 10.1039/C6MH00508J
[25]
Pan J, Deng W, Xu X Z, et al. Photodetectors based on small-molecule organic semiconductor crystals. Chin Phys B, 2019, 28, 038102 doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/28/3/038102
[26]
Li C L, Lu J R, Zhao Y, et al. Highly sensitive, fast response perovskite photodetectors demonstrated in weak light detection circuit and visible light communication system. Small, 2019, 15, e1903599 doi: 10.1002/smll.201903599
[27]
Ren Y X, Dai T J, He B, et al. Fabrication of high-gain photodetector with graphene –PbSe heterostructure. IEEE Electron Device Lett, 2019, 40, 48 doi: 10.1109/LED.2018.2883447
[28]
Arredondo B, de Dios C, Vergaz R, et al. Performance of ITO-free inverted organic bulk heterojunction photodetectors: Comparison with standard device architecture. Org Electron, 2013, 14, 2484 doi: 10.1016/j.orgel.2013.06.018
[29]
Wang W B, Zhang F J, Du M D, et al. Highly narrowband photomultiplication type organic photodetectors. Nano Lett, 2017, 17, 1995 doi: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b05418
[30]
Kudo K, Moriizumi T. Spectrum-controllable color sensors using organic dyes. Appl Phys Lett, 1981, 39, 609 doi: 10.1063/1.92820
[31]
Sariciftci N S, Braun D, Zhang C, et al. Semiconducting polymer-buckminsterfullerene heterojunctions: Diodes, photodiodes, and photovoltaic cells. Appl Phys Lett, 1993, 62, 585 doi: 10.1063/1.108863
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Halls J J M, Walsh C A, Greenham N C, et al. Efficient photodiodes from interpenetrating polymer networks. Nature, 1995, 376, 498 doi: 10.1038/376498a0
[34]
Rauch T, Böberl M, Tedde S F, et al. Near-infrared imaging with quantum-dot-sensitized organic photodiodes. Nat Photonics, 2009, 3, 332 doi: 10.1038/nphoton.2009.72
[35]
Han D, Khan Y, Ting J, et al. Pulse oximetry using organic optoelectronics under ambient light. Adv Mater Technol, 2020, 5, 1901122 doi: 10.1002/admt.201901122
[36]
Huang J F, Lee J, Vollbrecht J, et al. A high-performance solution-processed organic photodetector for near-infrared sensing. Adv Mater, 2020, 32, 1906027 doi: 10.1002/adma.201906027
[37]
Strobel N, Droseros N, Köntges W, et al. Color-selective printed organic photodiodes for filterless multichannel visible light communication. Adv Mater, 2020, 32, e1908258 doi: 10.1002/adma.201908258
[38]
Kumar C, Jit S. Blended PQT-12 and PC61BM thin films based self-powered and fast response photodetector. IEEE Electron Device Lett, 2020, 41, 1556 doi: 10.1109/LED.2020.3018035
[39]
Ravi R, Deb B. Studies on one-step-synthesized hydrated vanadium pentoxide for efficient hole transport in organic photovoltaics. Energy Technol, 2020, 8, 1901323 doi: 10.1002/ente.201901323
[40]
Karthik K, Nikolova M P, Phuruangrat A, et al. Ultrasound-assisted synthesis of V2O5 nanoparticles for photocatalytic and antibacterial studies. Mater Res Innov, 2020, 24, 229 doi: 10.1080/14328917.2019.1634404
[41]
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[42]
Kim B G, Ma X, Chen C, et al. Energy level modulation of HOMO, LUMO, and band-gap in conjugated polymers for organic photovoltaic applications. Adv Funct Mater, 2013, 23, 439 doi: 10.1002/adfm.201201385
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    Received: 26 February 2022 Revised: 18 April 2022 Online: Accepted Manuscript: 17 June 2022Uncorrected proof: 17 June 2022Published: 02 September 2022

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      Article Navigation >  Journal of Semiconductors  > 2022  >  43(9): 092302
      Hemraj Dahiya, Anupam Agrawal, Ganesh D. Sharma, Abhishek Kumar Singh. Organic bulk heterojunction enabled with nanocapsules of hydrate vanadium pentaoxide layer for high responsivity self-powered photodetector[J]. Journal of Semiconductors, 2022, 43(9): 092302. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/43/9/092302 ****H Dahiya, A Agrawal, G D Sharma, A K Singh. Organic bulk heterojunction enabled with nanocapsules of hydrate vanadium pentaoxide layer for high responsivity self-powered photodetector[J]. J. Semicond, 2022, 43(9): 092302. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/43/9/092302
      Citation:
      Hemraj Dahiya, Anupam Agrawal, Ganesh D. Sharma, Abhishek Kumar Singh. Organic bulk heterojunction enabled with nanocapsules of hydrate vanadium pentaoxide layer for high responsivity self-powered photodetector[J]. Journal of Semiconductors, 2022, 43(9): 092302. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/43/9/092302 ****
      H Dahiya, A Agrawal, G D Sharma, A K Singh. Organic bulk heterojunction enabled with nanocapsules of hydrate vanadium pentaoxide layer for high responsivity self-powered photodetector[J]. J. Semicond, 2022, 43(9): 092302. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/43/9/092302
      shu

      Organic bulk heterojunction enabled with nanocapsules of hydrate vanadium pentaoxide layer for high responsivity self-powered photodetector

      DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/43/9/092302
      • 1.

        The LNM Institute of Information Technology, Department of Physics, Jaipur, Rajasthan 302031, India

      • 2.

        Bhilai Institute of Technology, Durg, Chhattisgarh, 491001, India

      • 3.

        Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Petroleum Technology, Department of Electronics Engineering , Amethi, U.P. 229304, India

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      • Hemraj Dahiya：is a Ph.D. Scholar in the Department of Physics at The LNM Institute of Information Technology, Jaipur, India, His main research interest is in the optoelectronic properties of organic materials forapplications in photovoltaic devices. He is currently working on the non-fullerene-based third-generation organic solar cells
      • Abhishek Kumar Singh：is currently working as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Electronics Engineering at Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Petroleum Technology, in Jais, Amethi, Uttar Pradesh, India. He received the B.Tech. degree in electronics and communication engineering from the Faculty of Agriculture Engineering & Technology, CSA Kanpur, India, M.Tech. degree in optoelectronics and opticalcommunication from the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Delhi, India, and a Ph.D. degree in the area ofMicroelectronics from the Indian Institute of Technology (BHU) Varanasi. He is currently working on experimental and theoretical research in the areas of microelectronics and photonics. His area of interest is fabrication, modeling, and simulation of electronic and optoelectronic devices, high-speed semiconductor devices (MESFETs), phototransistors, VLSI design for low power applications
      • Corresponding author: aks@rgipt.ac.in
      • Received Date: 2022-02-26
      • Revised Date: 2022-04-18
        • Available Online: 2022-06-17

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