J. Semicond. > 2024, Volume 45 > Issue 10 > 102802

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The surface electron transfer strategy promotes the hole of PDI release and enhances emerging organic pollutant degradation

Yunchuan Yang1, 2, Dongyu Wang1, 2, Jisheng Geng1, 2, Jun Liu3 and Jun Wang1, 2,

+ Author Affiliations

 Corresponding author: Jun Wang, junwang091@163.com

DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/24050005CSTR: 32376.14.1674-4926.24050005

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Abstract: In semiconductor photocatalysts, the easy recombination of photogenerated carriers seriously affects the application of photocatalytic materials in water treatment. To solve the serious problem of electron−hole pair recombination in perylene diimide (PDI) organic semiconductors, we loaded ferric hydroxyl oxide (FeOOH) on PDI materials, successfully prepared novel FeOOH@PDI photocatalytic materials, and constructed a photo-Fenton system. The system was able to achieve highly efficient degradation of BPA under visible light, with a degradation rate of 0.112 min−1 that was 20 times higher than the PDI system, and it also showed universal degradation performances for a variety of emerging organic pollutants and anti-interference ability. The mechanism research revealed that the FeOOH has the electron trapping property, which can capture the photogenerated electrons on the surface of PDI, effectively reducing the compounding rate of photogenerated carriers of PDI and accelerating the iron cycling and H2O2 activation on the surface of FeOOH at the same time. This work provides new insights and methods for solving the problem of easy recombination of carriers in semiconductor photocatalysts and degrading emerging organic pollutants.

Key words: perylene diimide organic semiconductors, emerging pollutants, surface electron transfer strategy, photo-Fenton



[1]
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[2]
Kamanmalek S, Rice−Boayue J. Development of a national antibiotic multimetric index for identifying watersheds vulnerable to antibiotic pollution. Environ Pollut, 2023, 339, 122670 doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122670
[3]
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[4]
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[5]
Zhao D L, Zhou W Y, Shen L G, et al. New directions on membranes for removal and degradation of emerging pollutants in aqueous systems. Water Res, 2024, 251, 121111 doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121111
[6]
Coccia M, Bontempi E. New trajectories of technologies for the removal of pollutants and emerging contaminants in the environment. Environ Res, 2023, 229, 115938 doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115938
[7]
Zahm S, Bonde J P, Chiu W A, et al. Carcinogenicity of perfluorooctanoic acid and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid. Lancet Oncol, 2024, 25, 16 doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(23)00622-8
[8]
Appel K E. The carcinogenicity of the biocide ortho−phenylphenol. Arch Toxicol, 2000, 74, 61 doi: 10.1007/s002040050654
[9]
Umar Lule S, Xia W S. Food phenolics, pros and cons: A review. Food Rev Int, 2005, 21, 367 doi: 10.1080/87559120500222862
[10]
Pradhan B, Chand S, Chand S, et al. Emerging groundwater contaminants: A comprehensive review on their health hazards and remediation technologies. Groundw Sustain Dev, 2023, 20, 100868 doi: 10.1016/j.gsd.2022.100868
[11]
Bagheri S, TermehYousefi A, Do T O. Photocatalytic pathway toward degradation of environmental pharmaceutical pollutants: Structure, kinetics and mechanism approach. Catal Sci Technol, 2017, 7, 4548 doi: 10.1039/C7CY00468K
[12]
Galambos I, Mora Molina J, Járay P, et al. High organic content industrial wastewater treatment by membrane filtration. Desalination, 2004, 162, 117 doi: 10.1016/S0011-9164(04)00034-7
[13]
Oba S N, Ighalo J O, Aniagor C O, et al. Removal of ibuprofen from aqueous media by adsorption: A comprehensive review. Sci Total Environ, 2021, 780, 146608 doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146608
[14]
Tian Y H, Xing J Y, Huyan C X, et al. Electrically controlled anion exchange based on a polypyrrole/carbon cloth composite for the removal of perfluorooctanoic acid. ACS EST Water, 2021, 1, 2504 doi: 10.1021/acsestwater.1c00239
[15]
Wu C Y, Ge J, Gu F, et al. Electrochemical oxidation technique to pharmaceutical pollutants removal. Chemosphere, 2023, 337, 139373 doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139373
[16]
Li S S, Xie J X, Gu J Y, et al. Hybrid peroxi−coagulation/ozonation process for highly efficientremoval of organic contaminants. Chin Chemical Lett, 2023, 34, 108204 doi: 10.1016/j.cclet.2023.108204
[17]
Loeb S, Alvarez P J J, Brame J A, et al. The technology horizon for photocatalytic water treatment: Sunrise or sunset? Environ Sci Technol, 2019, 53, 2937
[18]
Deng Y C, Liu J, Huang Y B, et al. Engineering the photocatalytic behaviors of g/C3N4−based metal−free materials for degradation of a representative antibiotic. Adv Funct Materials, 2020, 30, 2002353 doi: 10.1002/adfm.202002353
[19]
Saeed M, Muneer M, Haq A U, et al. Photocatalysis: An effective tool for photodegradation of dyes−a review. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 2022, 29, 293 doi: 10.1007/s11356-021-16389-7
[20]
Lam V N, Vu T B, Do Q D, et al. One-step hydrothermal synthesis of Sn-doped α-Fe2O3 nanoparticles for enhanced photocatalytic degradation of Congo red. J Semicond, 2022, 43, 122001 doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/43/12/122001
[21]
Song J X, Ashtar M, Yang Y, et al. Photocatalytic removal of heavy metal ions and antibiotics in agricultural wastewater: A review. J Semicond, 2023, 44, 111701 doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/44/11/111701
[22]
Zheng Z Y, Tian S, Feng Y X, et al. Recent advances of photocatalytic coupling technologies for wastewater treatment. Chin J Catal, 2023, 54, 88 doi: 10.1016/S1872-2067(23)64536-X
[23]
Sun X D, Huang H W, Zhao Q, et al. Thin-layered photocatalysts. Adv Funct Materials, 2020, 30, 1910005 doi: 10.1002/adfm.201910005
[24]
Guo W Q, Guo T, Zhang Y Z, et al. Progress on simultaneous photocatalytic degradation of pollutants and production of clean energy: A review. Chemosphere, 2023, 339, 139486 doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139486
[25]
Low J, Yu J G, Jaroniec M, et al. Heterojunction photocatalysts. Adv Mater, 2017, 29, 1601694 doi: 10.1002/adma.201601694
[26]
Chauhan A, Kumar R, Sonu, et al. Advances in bismuth titanate (Bi12TiO20)−based photocatalysts for environmental remediation: Fundamentals and practical applications. J Water Process Eng, 2024, 59, 104974 doi: 10.1016/j.jwpe.2024.104974
[27]
Yang X G, Wang D W. Photocatalysis: From fundamental principles to materials and applications. ACS Appl Energy Mater, 2018, 1, 6657 doi: 10.1021/acsaem.8b01345
[28]
Shen R C, Jiang C J, Xiang Q J, et al. Surface and interface engineering of hierarchical photocatalysts. Appl Surf Sci, 2019, 471, 43 doi: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2018.11.205
[29]
Men Y L, Liu P, Peng X C, et al. Efficient photocatalysis triggered by thin carbon layers coating on photocatalysts: Recent progress and future perspectives. Sci China Chem, 2020, 63, 1416 doi: 10.1007/s11426-020-9767-9
[30]
Liu M C, Cheng Y W, Xie Y E, et al. One-photo excitation pathway in 2D in-plane heterostructures for effective visible-light-driven photocatalytic degradation. J Semicond, 2023, 44(5), 052701 doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/44/5/052701
[31]
Zhang L Y, Zhang J J, Yu H G, et al. Emerging S−scheme photocatalyst. Adv Mater, 2022, 34, 2107668 doi: 10.1002/adma.202107668
[32]
Di T M, Xu Q L, Ho W, et al. Review on metal sulphide-based Z-scheme photocatalysts. ChemCatChem, 2019, 11, 1394 doi: 10.1002/cctc.201802024
[33]
Chen L, He J, Liu Y, et al. Recent advances in bismuth-containing photocatalysts with heterojunctions. Chin J Catal, 2016, 37(6), 780 doi: 10.1016/s1872-2067(15)61061-0
[34]
Wei W Q, Ouyang S X, Zhang T R. Perylene diimide self-assembly: From electronic structural modulation to photocatalytic applications. J Semicond, 2020, 41, 091708 doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/41/9/091708
[35]
Li Y, Zhang X N, Liu D. Recent developments of perylene diimide (PDI) supramolecular photocatalysts: A review. J Photochem Photobiol C Photochem Rev, 2021, 48, 100436 doi: 10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2021.100436
[36]
Wang J, Liu D, Zhou S Y, et al. Supramolecular packing dominant photocatalytic oxidation and anticancer performance of PDI. Appl Catal B Environ, 2018, 231, 251 doi: 10.1016/j.apcatb.2018.03.026
[37]
Miao H, Yang J, Wei Y X, et al. Visible-light photocatalysis of PDI nanowires enhanced by plasmonic effect of the gold nanoparticles. Appl Catal B Environ, 2018, 239, 61 doi: 10.1016/j.apcatb.2018.08.009
[38]
Chen X, Wang Z P, Shen X C, et al. A plasmonic Z-scheme Ag@AgCl/PDI photocatalyst for the efficient elimination of organic pollutants, antibiotic resistant bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes. Appl Catal B Environ, 2023, 324, 122220 doi: 10.1016/j.apcatb.2022.122220
[39]
Qian X F, Wu Y W, Kan M, et al. FeOOH quantum dots coupled g-C3N4 for visible light driving photo-Fenton degradation of organic pollutants. Appl Catal B Environ, 2018, 237, 513 doi: 10.1016/j.apcatb.2018.05.074
Fig. 1.  (Color online) Schematic diagram of the composite route at FeOOH@PDI.

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Fig. 2.  (Color online) (a) FeOOH@PDI, XRD patterns of PDI and FeOOH. (b) Zeta potential for FeOOH, PDI, FeOOH@PDI. (c) 20% FeOOH@PDI, PDI, and FeOOH infrared spectra.

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Fig. 3.  (Color online) TEM spectrum of (a) 20% FeOOH@PDI and TEM-EDS image of (b)−(f) 20% FeOOH@PDI. (g) PDI and 20% FeOOH@PDI C 1s spectrum.

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Fig. 4.  SEM images of (a) FeOOH, (b) PDI, and (c) 20% FeOOH@PDI.

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Fig. 5.  (Color online) (a) and (b) Degradation effects and degradation rate constants of BPA by PDI and FeOOH@PDI. (c) and (d) Degradation effects of different Fenton reaction modes on BPA and degradation rate constants. (e) 20% FeOOH@PDI degradation effect and degradation rate constant of different organic pollutants. (f) Mineralization rate of organic pollutants.

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Fig. 6.  (Color online) Photo-Fenton degradation of 20 ppm BPA by 20% FeOOH@PDI under different ions and humic acid interference.

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Fig. 7.  (Color online) (a) Transient photocurrent, (b) electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, (c) steady-state fluorescence (PL), and (d) surface photovoltage (SPV) of PDI and FeOOH@PDI.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint
Fig. 8.  (Color online) (a) Cyclic stability of 20% FeOOH@PDI, (b) valence states, and proportions of Fe on FeOOH@PDI surface before and after the reaction.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint
[1]
Yang W Q, Li J, Yao Z L, et al. A review on the alternatives to antibiotics and the treatment of antibiotic pollution: Current development and future prospects. Sci Total Environ, 2024, 926, 171757 doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171757
[2]
Kamanmalek S, Rice−Boayue J. Development of a national antibiotic multimetric index for identifying watersheds vulnerable to antibiotic pollution. Environ Pollut, 2023, 339, 122670 doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122670
[3]
Panigrahy N, Priyadarshini A, Sahoo M M, et al. A comprehensive review on eco−toxicity and biodegradation of phenolics: Recent progress and future outlook. Environ Technol Innov, 2022, 27, 102423 doi: 10.1016/j.eti.2022.102423
[4]
Zhang J X, Xie M L, Zhao H Y, et al. Preferential and efficient degradation of phenolic pollutants with cooperative hydrogen−bond interactions in photocatalytic process. Chemosphere, 2021, 269, 129404 doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.129404
[5]
Zhao D L, Zhou W Y, Shen L G, et al. New directions on membranes for removal and degradation of emerging pollutants in aqueous systems. Water Res, 2024, 251, 121111 doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121111
[6]
Coccia M, Bontempi E. New trajectories of technologies for the removal of pollutants and emerging contaminants in the environment. Environ Res, 2023, 229, 115938 doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115938
[7]
Zahm S, Bonde J P, Chiu W A, et al. Carcinogenicity of perfluorooctanoic acid and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid. Lancet Oncol, 2024, 25, 16 doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(23)00622-8
[8]
Appel K E. The carcinogenicity of the biocide ortho−phenylphenol. Arch Toxicol, 2000, 74, 61 doi: 10.1007/s002040050654
[9]
Umar Lule S, Xia W S. Food phenolics, pros and cons: A review. Food Rev Int, 2005, 21, 367 doi: 10.1080/87559120500222862
[10]
Pradhan B, Chand S, Chand S, et al. Emerging groundwater contaminants: A comprehensive review on their health hazards and remediation technologies. Groundw Sustain Dev, 2023, 20, 100868 doi: 10.1016/j.gsd.2022.100868
[11]
Bagheri S, TermehYousefi A, Do T O. Photocatalytic pathway toward degradation of environmental pharmaceutical pollutants: Structure, kinetics and mechanism approach. Catal Sci Technol, 2017, 7, 4548 doi: 10.1039/C7CY00468K
[12]
Galambos I, Mora Molina J, Járay P, et al. High organic content industrial wastewater treatment by membrane filtration. Desalination, 2004, 162, 117 doi: 10.1016/S0011-9164(04)00034-7
[13]
Oba S N, Ighalo J O, Aniagor C O, et al. Removal of ibuprofen from aqueous media by adsorption: A comprehensive review. Sci Total Environ, 2021, 780, 146608 doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146608
[14]
Tian Y H, Xing J Y, Huyan C X, et al. Electrically controlled anion exchange based on a polypyrrole/carbon cloth composite for the removal of perfluorooctanoic acid. ACS EST Water, 2021, 1, 2504 doi: 10.1021/acsestwater.1c00239
[15]
Wu C Y, Ge J, Gu F, et al. Electrochemical oxidation technique to pharmaceutical pollutants removal. Chemosphere, 2023, 337, 139373 doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139373
[16]
Li S S, Xie J X, Gu J Y, et al. Hybrid peroxi−coagulation/ozonation process for highly efficientremoval of organic contaminants. Chin Chemical Lett, 2023, 34, 108204 doi: 10.1016/j.cclet.2023.108204
[17]
Loeb S, Alvarez P J J, Brame J A, et al. The technology horizon for photocatalytic water treatment: Sunrise or sunset? Environ Sci Technol, 2019, 53, 2937
[18]
Deng Y C, Liu J, Huang Y B, et al. Engineering the photocatalytic behaviors of g/C3N4−based metal−free materials for degradation of a representative antibiotic. Adv Funct Materials, 2020, 30, 2002353 doi: 10.1002/adfm.202002353
[19]
Saeed M, Muneer M, Haq A U, et al. Photocatalysis: An effective tool for photodegradation of dyes−a review. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 2022, 29, 293 doi: 10.1007/s11356-021-16389-7
[20]
Lam V N, Vu T B, Do Q D, et al. One-step hydrothermal synthesis of Sn-doped α-Fe2O3 nanoparticles for enhanced photocatalytic degradation of Congo red. J Semicond, 2022, 43, 122001 doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/43/12/122001
[21]
Song J X, Ashtar M, Yang Y, et al. Photocatalytic removal of heavy metal ions and antibiotics in agricultural wastewater: A review. J Semicond, 2023, 44, 111701 doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/44/11/111701
[22]
Zheng Z Y, Tian S, Feng Y X, et al. Recent advances of photocatalytic coupling technologies for wastewater treatment. Chin J Catal, 2023, 54, 88 doi: 10.1016/S1872-2067(23)64536-X
[23]
Sun X D, Huang H W, Zhao Q, et al. Thin-layered photocatalysts. Adv Funct Materials, 2020, 30, 1910005 doi: 10.1002/adfm.201910005
[24]
Guo W Q, Guo T, Zhang Y Z, et al. Progress on simultaneous photocatalytic degradation of pollutants and production of clean energy: A review. Chemosphere, 2023, 339, 139486 doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139486
[25]
Low J, Yu J G, Jaroniec M, et al. Heterojunction photocatalysts. Adv Mater, 2017, 29, 1601694 doi: 10.1002/adma.201601694
[26]
Chauhan A, Kumar R, Sonu, et al. Advances in bismuth titanate (Bi12TiO20)−based photocatalysts for environmental remediation: Fundamentals and practical applications. J Water Process Eng, 2024, 59, 104974 doi: 10.1016/j.jwpe.2024.104974
[27]
Yang X G, Wang D W. Photocatalysis: From fundamental principles to materials and applications. ACS Appl Energy Mater, 2018, 1, 6657 doi: 10.1021/acsaem.8b01345
[28]
Shen R C, Jiang C J, Xiang Q J, et al. Surface and interface engineering of hierarchical photocatalysts. Appl Surf Sci, 2019, 471, 43 doi: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2018.11.205
[29]
Men Y L, Liu P, Peng X C, et al. Efficient photocatalysis triggered by thin carbon layers coating on photocatalysts: Recent progress and future perspectives. Sci China Chem, 2020, 63, 1416 doi: 10.1007/s11426-020-9767-9
[30]
Liu M C, Cheng Y W, Xie Y E, et al. One-photo excitation pathway in 2D in-plane heterostructures for effective visible-light-driven photocatalytic degradation. J Semicond, 2023, 44(5), 052701 doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/44/5/052701
[31]
Zhang L Y, Zhang J J, Yu H G, et al. Emerging S−scheme photocatalyst. Adv Mater, 2022, 34, 2107668 doi: 10.1002/adma.202107668
[32]
Di T M, Xu Q L, Ho W, et al. Review on metal sulphide-based Z-scheme photocatalysts. ChemCatChem, 2019, 11, 1394 doi: 10.1002/cctc.201802024
[33]
Chen L, He J, Liu Y, et al. Recent advances in bismuth-containing photocatalysts with heterojunctions. Chin J Catal, 2016, 37(6), 780 doi: 10.1016/s1872-2067(15)61061-0
[34]
Wei W Q, Ouyang S X, Zhang T R. Perylene diimide self-assembly: From electronic structural modulation to photocatalytic applications. J Semicond, 2020, 41, 091708 doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/41/9/091708
[35]
Li Y, Zhang X N, Liu D. Recent developments of perylene diimide (PDI) supramolecular photocatalysts: A review. J Photochem Photobiol C Photochem Rev, 2021, 48, 100436 doi: 10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2021.100436
[36]
Wang J, Liu D, Zhou S Y, et al. Supramolecular packing dominant photocatalytic oxidation and anticancer performance of PDI. Appl Catal B Environ, 2018, 231, 251 doi: 10.1016/j.apcatb.2018.03.026
[37]
Miao H, Yang J, Wei Y X, et al. Visible-light photocatalysis of PDI nanowires enhanced by plasmonic effect of the gold nanoparticles. Appl Catal B Environ, 2018, 239, 61 doi: 10.1016/j.apcatb.2018.08.009
[38]
Chen X, Wang Z P, Shen X C, et al. A plasmonic Z-scheme Ag@AgCl/PDI photocatalyst for the efficient elimination of organic pollutants, antibiotic resistant bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes. Appl Catal B Environ, 2023, 324, 122220 doi: 10.1016/j.apcatb.2022.122220
[39]
Qian X F, Wu Y W, Kan M, et al. FeOOH quantum dots coupled g-C3N4 for visible light driving photo-Fenton degradation of organic pollutants. Appl Catal B Environ, 2018, 237, 513 doi: 10.1016/j.apcatb.2018.05.074

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    Received: 02 May 2024 Revised: 30 May 2024 Online: Accepted Manuscript: 24 June 2024Uncorrected proof: 26 June 2024Published: 15 October 2024

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      Article Navigation >  Journal of Semiconductors  > 2024  >  45(10): 102802
      Yunchuan Yang, Dongyu Wang, Jisheng Geng, Jun Liu, Jun Wang. The surface electron transfer strategy promotes the hole of PDI release and enhances emerging organic pollutant degradation[J]. Journal of Semiconductors, 2024, 45(10): 102802. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/24050005 ****Y C Yang, D Y Wang, J S Geng, J Liu, and J Wang, The surface electron transfer strategy promotes the hole of PDI release and enhances emerging organic pollutant degradation[J]. J. Semicond., 2024, 45(10), 102802 doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/24050005
      Citation:
      Yunchuan Yang, Dongyu Wang, Jisheng Geng, Jun Liu, Jun Wang. The surface electron transfer strategy promotes the hole of PDI release and enhances emerging organic pollutant degradation[J]. Journal of Semiconductors, 2024, 45(10): 102802. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/24050005 ****
      Y C Yang, D Y Wang, J S Geng, J Liu, and J Wang, The surface electron transfer strategy promotes the hole of PDI release and enhances emerging organic pollutant degradation[J]. J. Semicond., 2024, 45(10), 102802 doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/24050005
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      The surface electron transfer strategy promotes the hole of PDI release and enhances emerging organic pollutant degradation

      DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/24050005
      CSTR: 32376.14.1674-4926.24050005
      • 1.

        State Key Laboratory of Environmental−Friendly Energy Materials, School of Materials and Chemistry, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China

      • 2.

        Tianfu Institute of Research and Innovation, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Chengdu 610213, China

      • 3.

        Guangdong−Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for Water Security, Center for Water Research, Advanced Institute of Natural Sciences, Beijing Normal University at Zhuhai, Zhuhai 519087, China

      More Information
      • Yunchuan Yang received his bachelor’s degree from Southwest University of Science and Technology in 2021, and is currently a Master's degree holder in Materials Science and Engineering at Southwest University of Science and Technology under the supervision of Prof. Jun Wang. His main research interests are photocatalytic technology for the treatment of pollutants in water
      • Jun Wang graduated from the Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University with a doctor of science degree in June 2018, and is currently a professor at the State Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Energy Materials, Southwest University of Science and Technology. Currently, his main research interests are in the direction of water pollution control, soil remediation, and photoelectrocatalysis
      • Corresponding author: junwang091@163.com
      • Received Date: 2024-05-02
      • Revised Date: 2024-05-30
        • Available Online: 2024-06-24

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